% VAX-11 Librarian V04-00`-q/@kq/hKKK z5BIBTEX&NCP& CRUDETYPE'\ Directories{Dvi27004DVI2LN35DVI2LNGDVI2PS5DVI2TTY6DVIALW6hDVIBIT7DVICAN4DVIDIS7DVIE727hDVIEPS8@DVIGD8DVIIMP8|DVIJEP9"DVIJET9DVIL3P9NDVIL759DVIM72:xDVIMAC:DVIMPI:DVIO72;>DVIOKI;DVIPRX;nDVITOSDVItoVDU`IdxTeXjLaTeX LaTeX_styles,LNTeXRNOTOTEXSliTeX%SPELLUTeXp<DVITYPEDVIVDU<ECHOALL>FFE?bGFTODVI?GFTOPK@lGFTOPXL@RGFTYPEYGloTeXAHHELP`IdxTeXAIndexersAINIMFDTINITEXFKEYTSTjLaTeX LaTeX_stylesFLN03DVI,LNTeXFLPTOPSVbMACJETWMACPRXWMAKEX$ MAKEINDEXZMF[^NEWFFC[PLTOTF\:POOLTYPERNOTOTEXSliTeX%SPELL_FTANGLEUTeX`TEXIDXoTEXSIS<TeX_File_typesqTFTOPL)DVItoVDUPOOLTYPEXDVIEX]PXTOPKRNOTOTEXSliTeX%SPELL_FTANGLEUTeX`TEXIDXoTEXSIS<TeX_File_typesqTFTOPLrTGRINDs0TOPPs\TOSPRXsTR2TEXtWEAVEuWebvWSLTEXwXDVIvFr/ 1 DVItoVDU- USAGE: DVItoVDU filename[.DVI] [qualifiers]@ DVItoVDU is an interactive previewer that allows you to look atA TeX-generated DVI pages on a variety of commonly available VDUs.F The "DVItoVDU User Guide" has more details on how to use the program.! SYSDEP" To print your own copy just type:, $ lntex Tex_disk:[TEX.DVITOVDU]USERGUIDE!!! Now keep lines < 75 chars long.!2 Commands_in_brief MISCELLANEOUS -------------3 ? Display br ief help on all the commands.F S Show various qualifier values and current page statistics. Q Quit from DVItoVDU. SELECTING A PAGE ----------------F i Select the ith DVI page; i must be a positive integer fromH 1 to n where n is the total number of pages in the DVI file.G [i0...i9] Select the DVI page whose TeX page counters match the givenD integers, i0 to i9, separated by periods. Any number ofG integers may be absent; an absent integer matches any valueJ in the corresponding counter. Trailing periods may be omitted.I If more than one DVI page matches, the lowest will be chosen.E N Select the Next DVI page, depending on current direction.B > The N command will move forwards through the DVI file.C < The N command will move backwards through the DVI file.% CHANGING THE WAY A PAGE IS DISPLAYED% ------------------------------------= T Terse displa y of characters; fast but inaccurate.C B Box display showing rectangular outlines of characters.H F Full display of all pixels in characters; accurate but slow.! CHANGING THE UNITS OF DIMENSIONS! --------------------------------2 IN Get/show dimensions in terms of inches2 (/RESOLUTION value = pixels per inch).G CM Get/show dimensions in terms of centimetres (2.54cm = 1in).E MM Get/show dimensions in terms of millimetres (10mm = 1cm). ? PC Get/show dimensions in terms of picas (1pc = 12pt).C PT Get/show dimensions in terms of points (72.27pt = 1in).3 PX Get/show dimensions in terms of pixels. CHANGING THE SIZE OF THE WINDOW -------------------------------E H wd Set the Horizontal size of the window to the given width.? If wd absent, set width to initial, unscaled value.D V ht Set the Vertical size of the window to the given height.@ If ht absent, set height to initial, unscaled value.= ZI Zoom In by halving the current window dimensions.? ZO Zoom Out by doubling the current window dimensions. MOVING THE WINDOW OVER A PAGE -----------------------------F W h,v Move the Window's top left corner to given paper position.I h is the horizontal coordinate, v is the vertical coordinate.E If h,v is absent then the window is moved to (Minh,Minv),6 the top left corner of the page rectangle.B U v  Move window Up v units. If v absent, move up an amount1 equal to the window's current height.F D v Move window Down v units. If v absent, move down an amount1 equal to the window's current height.F L h Move window Left h units. If h absent, move left an amount0 equal to the window's current width.H R h Move window Right h units. If h absent, move right an amount0 equal to the window's current width. 2 Qualifiers/V DU=string (default=VT100)H This qualifier is used to tell DVItoVDU what type of VDU you are using.H For example, typing `dvitovdu/vdu=vis550 foo' will tell DVItoVDU you're using a VISUAL 550.G The current version of DVItoVDU will accept the following /VDU values:+ AED483 (AED 512 with 512 by 483 screen)+ AED512 (AED 512 with 512 by 512 screen)5 ANSI (any ANSI compatible VDU; synonym = VT100)K REGIS (any ReGIS compatible VDU; synonyms = GIGI, VK100, VT125, VT240))  VIS240 (VISUAL 240; synonym = VIS241) VIS500 (VISUAL 500) VIS550 (VISUAL 550)8 VT100132 (any VT100 compatible VDU in 132 column mode)E VT220 (VT220 using down-loaded chunky graphics; synonym = VT200)& VT640 (VT100 with Retro-Graphics)$/XSIZE=dimen (default=210mm=8.3in)%/YSIZE=dimen (default=297mm=11.7in)H These two qualifiers define the dimensions of the paper upon which yourC document will be printed. Both values are specified as dimensionsI similar to th ose used in TeX but units are restricted to IN, CM, MM, PC,G PT or PX (these two-letter sequences are the same as the commands used$ to change the units of dimensions).G Every time you select a page, DVItoVDU will use these paper dimensions: to check that the page edges fall within the paper edges.! SYSDEP1 Note that their default values specify A4 paper../MAGNIFICATION=i (default=DVI magnification)H This option allows you to replace the DVI magnification with some otherE value; i is a positive integer 1000 times the desired magnification.! SYSDEPG If you plan to use LNTEX's /MAGNIFICATION qualifier, you should supplyD the same override to DVItoVDU; that way you'll see exactly what the& document will look like when printed.J Unless you know what you are doing you should avoid using /MAGNIFICATION,G especially if your TeX source uses \magnification AND true dimensions.F The complete story on magnification can be found in chapters 4 and 10 of "The TeXbook".//TFM _DIRECTORY=directory (default=TEX_FONTS:)K DVItoVDU needs to read TFM files if your document uses resident PostScript8 fonts (for which bitmapped information does not exist).F DVItoVDU assumes that all such fonts have names beginning with "PS-".7/FONT_DIRECTORY=directory (default=TEX_DISK:[TEX.PK])< DVItoVDU gets all its bitmapped font information from files located in the given directory.(/DUMMY_FONT=file (default=CMR10.300PK)G If a requested font does not exist, DVItoVDU wi ll first warn you, thenK load the given font file (located in /FONT_DIRECTORY) and continue as bestE it can so you can look for more errors. Paragraphs using this dummy5 information are likely to have ragged right margins.!F! SYSDEP: The above two qualifiers are used to tell DVItoVDU what typeL! of bitmapped fonts you're using, and their location and naming convention.$! See DVITOVDU.CLD for more details./RESOLUTION=i (default=300)F DVItoVDU treats the imaginary sheet of paper on which a DVI page will? appear as a two dimensional array of tiny dots known as pixels (short for "picture elements").D i is a positive integer that defines the number of pixels per inch,D horizontally and vertically. Its value should match the resolution8 of the device that will be used to print your document.F Most laser printers currently have a resolution of 300 dots per inch.7/HELP_FILE=file (default=TEX_DISK:[TEX.DVITOVDU]HELP)? The ? command reads the text file specified by this qualifier.D The default help file contains a brief summary of all the commands.wwz!Ur/ SIEMSEN DVItoVDU%r/ SIEMSEN LaTeX_stylesVs/ SIEMSEN SPELLKs/ SIEMSEN LNTeXv/ SIEMSEN DVIDISw/ SIEMSEN TeXQDy/ SIEMSEN GloTeX@{/ SIEMSEN IdxTeX / SIEMSEN LaTeX ǃ/ SIEMSEN SliTeX!Դ/ SIEMSEN RNOTOTEXY/= SIEMSEN BIBTEXCP CRUDETYPE DirectoriesDVI2LN3DVI2LNGDVI2TTYDVIALWDVIBITDVICANDVIE72DVIE r/1 LaTeX_stylesEThese are quick-and-dirty descriptions of some of the available LaTeXEstyles. There is a .STY file for each of these styles in TEX_INPUTS.2 A4DA document style option for formatting on A4 paper, as opposed to USEpaper. Written by John Pavel. Use by doing \documentstyle[a4]{...}.2 AgugrlCA document style option designed for the American Geophysical UnionAGeophysical Research Letters. Written by Stephen Gildea. Use by"doing \documentstyle[agugrl]{. ..}.2 AgujgrCA document style option designed for the American Geophysical UnionDJournal of Geophysical Research. Written by Stephen Gildea. Use by"doing \documentstyle[agujgr]{...}. 2 AmssymbolsCA document style option to load the AMS symbol fonts and associatedEsymbol definitions. Useful if you would like to use AMSTeX and LaTeXEtogether. Written by Charles Karney (Karney%PPC.MFENET@NMFECC.ARPA).-Use by doing \documentstyle[amssymbols]{...}. 2 BiiheadDAn include file for report s. This file will put underlined headingsAat the top of each page. The right page headings are the chapterDtitles and the left page titles are supplied by \def\lefthead{text}.BWritten by Ted Shapin. Use by doing \include{tex_inputs:biihead}. 2 BmsrletterBThis is a document style which is a variant of the standard letterCstyle. It has been changed to fit the letterhead of the BiomedicalESimulations Research Group. Use by doing \documentstyle{bmsrletter}. 2 Cyrillic?A document style opt ion to load the Cyrillic fonts. Written by=Charles Karney (Karney%PPC.MFENET@NMFECC.ARPA). Use by doing\documentstyle[cyrillic]{...}.2 Deproc@A variant of the article style, deprot is a style for formatting@articles suitable for the DECUS (Digital Equipment Corp. User'sESociety) Proceedings. Written by Barbara Beeton. More documentationEis in TEX_INPUTS:DEPROCLDC.TEX. Use by doing \documentstyle{deproc}. 2 DoublespaceCThis is a style option which produces a double-spaced document . ItEworks by redefining the parameter \baselinestretch to 2. It provides>a new environment "singlespace" which restores single spacing.FDoublespacing is turned off within footnotes, tables and figures. You@can vary the amount of extra spacing by using a \setstretch{1.7}@command before the \begin{document}. This option was written by5Stephen Page (sdpage@prg.oxford.ac.uk). Use by doing!\documentstyle[doublespace]{...}. 2 Drafthead@This is a style option which places the word 'DRAFT'  in the pageFheadings. This was written by Stephen Page (sdpage@prg.oxford.ac.uk).,Use by doing \documentstyle[drafthead]{...}.2 FloatsAA style option to allow the printing of floating point numbers inEfixed format. This defines a new \format command. To use the formatEcommand, you need to define a counter. The first (optional) argumentCis a power of ten. The second argument is the name of the counter.AThe value of the counter is multiplied by ten to the power of theAoptional argum ent, and the result is printed. Written by Charles5Karney (Karney%PPC.MFENET@NMFECC.ARPA). Use by doing\documentstyle[floats]{...}. 2 FullpageEBy default, TeX and LaTeX use only a portion of the page. This style6option causes the full page to be used. Use by doing:\documentstyle[fullpage]{...}. 2 GeophysicsEA document style option designed for Geophysics, a publication of theFSociety of Exploration Geophysicists. Written by Stephen Gildea. Use-by doing \documentstyle[geophysics]{ article}. 2 MoretextCA document style option which provides smaller margins. Written byJean-Francois Lamy.2 NopagenumbersFA style option file to suppress the printing of page numbers. Written7by Richard Furuta (furuta@mimsy.umd.edu). Use by doing#\documentstyle[nopagenumbers]{...}. 2 OpbibasFThis is a style option which uses half-spacing inside the bibliographyDitems. This is most useful when the main portion of the document is;double-spaced. Use by doing: \documentstyle[opbib as]{...}.2 SiamBA modified article style for SIAM publications. Written by HowardGTrickey (tricky.seki%btl.csnet@csnet-relay.arpa). Available in 10, 11,>and 12 point. A users manual is available from the librarian."Use by doing \documentstyle{siam}.2 SlemAA style option file, it changes the emphasis command (\em) to use;slanted text rather than italic. Written by Richard Furuta@(furuta@mimsy.umd.edu). Use by doing \documentstyle[slem]{...}.2 Smallsection>This is a style option f !ile which produces section headings inFslightly smaller sizes. This creates a more conservative format. Use+by doing \documentstyle[smallsection]{...}. 2 Spacecites?This is a style option for placing spaces after the commas in a<multiple-entry citation. Normally, such citations appear asE[Knu86,Knu87]. This option gives [Knu86, Knu87], which some considerCprettier. Writen by Richard Furuta (furuta@mimsy.umd.edu). Use by&doing \documentstyle[spacecites]{...}. 2 SuthesisDThis is a st "yle option to the report style for a thesis at Stanford.CIt has many options, and the best way to use it is to get a copy of!the .DOC file from the librarian. 2 TeXnames?This is an include file which adds commands for the TeX-relatedCprogram names which are not already in LaTeX. The new commands are1\METAFONT and \AMSTEX. Written by Richard Furuta8(furuta@mimsy.umd.edu). Use by doing \insert{texnames}.2 ThesisDThis style produces a thesis which is (reportedly) acceptable to USCBUniv#ersity Publications. It is constructed from the report style.@Major differences are in the title page. There is a new commandC\major which inserts your major area into the page. The default isCElectrical Engineering. It also says 'A Dissertation Presented...'@unless you invoke \thesis, in which case it changes to 'A ThesisCPresented...'. This style currently only supports 12 point, so youDhave to use \documentstyle[12pt]{thesis}. Other point styles can beEbuilt from the corresponding o $nes for report. Additonal environmentsFhave been added for acknowledgments, preface and abstract. This style"was lovingly crafted by Dan Erwin. 2 ThreepartBThis style option file implements three part head and foot macros.DThe commands \lhead, \chead, \rhead, \lfoot, \cfoot, and \rfoot eachCtake one argument and define the respective portions of the headers2and footers. Written by Lance Berc. Use by doing\documentstyle[threepart]{...}. 2 UcthesisCThis is a document style suitable for the University of California.&Use by doing \documentstyle{ucthesis}.ww &pNs/1 SPELLH SPELL is a proofreader which makes use of a default 90,000 wordI dictionary and optionally a personal dictionary. SPELL asks for a H file name that you wish to have checked. When a word is found that9 is not in any of the dictionaries, you will be asked if:H o you believe the word is correct and should be inserted into the main dictionary.B o the word is incorrect and you want to correct it in your file.4 o you wish SPELL to try gues 'sing what the word is.H o you wish to have the word inserted into a personal dictionary which* will reside in your default directory.1 o you wish the program to ignore your spelling.  Format: SPELL filename 2 ParametersH If no qualifiers are present on the SPELL command, then the parameterH is the name of a file to check. If the /CHECK qualifier is used, thenH the parameter should be the word you are trying to check. If any other3 qualifiers are used, SPELL ignores all pa (rameters.H The file specified will be rewritten with any changes that you haveH requested during the SPELL session. No extension needs to be specifiedH if the file has one of the default extensions .RNO, .TEX, .MSS or .TXT.H The appropriate syntax will be used for checking files with theseH extensions so that embedded commands do not register as incorrectH spellings. For this reason, it is important that you should use the= correct extension on any files which you are go )ing to check.2 Personal_DictionaryH PERSDICT.DAT is the personal dictionary file you create through SPELL.H It uses a tree-structure for its organization. As a result, the fileI cannot be edited or altered through normal means. List this file and H delete erroneous words by using the SPELL/PERSONAL command. Editing theA file will destroy its structure and you will have to delete it! 2 Qualifiers/CHECKH The CHECK option allows you to check if a word is in one of the mainH d *ictionaries used by the spell program. You specify a command of the form:  $ spell/check word) to check if "word" is in the dictionary. /PERSONALH The PERSONAL option is used to maintain your personal dictionary.H Since this is an indexed file, you should never try editing it usingH EDT or any other text editor. Instead, this SPELL option allows youF to list and optionally delete any words from your personal directory.H Within this mode, the List option operates c +ircularly. After you haveH seen all the words in your personal dictionary, you will be taken backH to the beginning and successive List commands will display the whole dictionary again./LOGGINGH You can select this qualifier in addition to a file name if you want toH produce a list of the changes made during a run, in a file with an .ERRI extension. This qualifier is ignored if any other qualifiers are present./UPDATEI This mode is only available to system personnel, and is used to H selectively add words indicated as correct by users to the mainH dictionary. It also contains an option which allows erroneous words* to be deleted from the main dictionaries.ww-`s/1 LNTeXG The LNTeX command converts a DVI file to a file which contains escapeG sequences to set up the TeX output for the LN03/LN03+ laser printers.C The output file has the same name as the input file, but with the> extension LN3. This file is then simply printed to the LN03. Format: lntex input-file 2 Parameters input-fileD The input file specification is a file to be printed; LNTEX uses aD default file extension of DVI. Command options are. specified usingD the conventional VAX/VMS arrangement -- options begin with a slashB mark (/), and are placed following the command name or followingE the input file specification. Multiple input files are not allowed. 2 Qualifiers/A4 /A4 /[NO]A4B Specifies that the output is to be printed on European A4 paper. The default is NOA4./COPIES=numberF Specifies the number of copies to be printed. The default is one(1)./HOFFSET=dimensionH Specifies the horizontal/ offset to be added to the offset specified inH the TeX file. The number is expressed in terms of a number and a unit,H e.g. 1.0in. The default value for this parameter is zero inches (0in).0/FONTDIR=directory_spec (default=TeX_FONTS:): Specifies the directory to look on for font metric files. /LANDSCAPE /LANDSCAPE /NOLANDSCAPEB Specifies that the orientation of the output on the page will beC such that the long axis of the paper is the horizontal direction.3 The defa0ult orientation for LNTeX is NOLANDSCAPE./MAGNIFICATION=numberF Specifies any additional magnification to be made in the TeX output.E The default is 1000. In order for this command, the necessary pixel files must exist./NUMBER=numberF Specifies the number of pages to be printed. The default is to printD until the end of the document. This qualifier may be used to limitD the output to a certain number of pages. Used in coordination withB the /START qualifier, this enables 1 the user to select a specific range of pages to output../PKDIR=directory_spec (default=TeX_LN3PK:)B Specifies the directory to look on for PK files. The PK files areA looked for on subdirectories of this directory, so that ComputerA Modern Roman 10-point at its default magnification is looked for: as TeX_LN3PK:[300]CMR10.PK, where TeX_LN3PK is defined as? TeX_DISK:[TeX82.PK.]. Note the final period before the closing bracket.0/PXLDIR=directory_spec (default=TeX_PXLDIR:) 2D Specifies the directory to look on for PXL files. The PXL files areA looked for on subdirectories of this directory, so that ComputerA Modern Roman 10-point at its default magnification is looked for> as TeX_PXLDIR:[1500]CMR10.PXL, where TeX_PXLDIR is defined as@ TeX_DISK:[TeX82.PXL.]. Note the final period before the closing bracket. /START=number(.number.number...)D Specifies the page for which output is to begin. The default is toA begin at the first page of TeX output. Since3 this is not alwaysD desirable, this qualifier allows you to begin at a different page.C Used in coordination with the /NUMBER qualifier, this enables theE user to select a specific range of pages to output. The page numberB parameter is actually the values at the beginning of the page ofC the ten internal TeX counters. For most applications this is justC the page number. These counters can be wildcarded, so that if youE wish to print beginning with the first page which has as its s econd2 counter the value 23, you could type /START=*.2./VOFFSET=dimensionF Specifies the vertical offset to be added to the offset specified inH the TeX file. The number is expressed in terms of a number and a unit,< e.g. 1.0in The default value for this parameter is 0.25in.ww 5u/F1 DVIDIS DVIDIS is a program that displays TeX DVI files on a VaxStation running VWS. Format: $ DVIDIS F A large window will be created, and your text should start to appearF in it; depending on the paper size and where you have located yourF window (by default it starts out centered), you may be able to seeF the "edge" of the paper as a gray bar. Meanwhile, your keyboard willF remain attached to the window you were previously in, a 6nd you canF enter commands. For a list of commands available to you, hit theF HELP key. The effect of the various commands is easy to see, so1 experiment until you feel comfortable with them.F You can also specify a couple of options on the DVIDIS command line.F These CANNOT be changed once DVIDIS has started. All options are ofF the form "-l" where "l" is any single letter, with the singleF exception of -verbose (for historical reasons). Some are followedF (afte 7r a space) by one or a pair of numeric arguments; the -s command0 must be followed by a paper size specification. For example: $ DVIDIS -w -p 2 4 TEXT9 means "display pages 2 to 4 of TEXT.DVI in 'wide' mode."2 -cF The fonts that DVIDIS uses are meant for a 300 dpi printer. AF VAXStation display has about 78 dpi. As a result, if you display theF glyphs from these fonts at a 1-1 pixel-to-pixel mapping, they areF about 4 times as large as they would be on the page, 8and only aboutF 1/9 of the page is visible at a time. Normally, DVIDIS compresses all fonts by aF2-to-1 factor. The fonts are still readable, but you can now get mostF of the width of a page - all, with any reasonable margins - and overF half the height on the screen. Specifying "-c" turns off thisF compression; it's useful mainly for looking at the glyphs, not the text.2 -dD Debug. Generates a lot of output that's useful only to developers.2 -fF Causes the program to 9 look in "USER$RST" rather than "TEX$RST" forF the fonts. This command is meaningless for the PK version of DVIDIS,+ and of little use even in the RST version.2 -mF Tells DVIDIS to try to use smaller fonts, rather than compressingF larger ones. This only works if you actually HAVE the small fonts onF your system. When it works, it improves the appearance of individualF characters, although it often makes lines come out with slightlyF different lengths than they should. -m :is especially useful in@ conjunction with -w. -m in conjunction with -c is meaningless. 2 -p F Limits the display to pages through inclusive. You can onlyF specify one page range at a time, but you can specify multiple -pF options, each specifying a page range. When you specify page ranges,F DVIDIS will only "see" pages within the ranges given. Nothing youF can do while the program is running will let you display any page not@ within any page range - DVIDIS will s ;imply skip past the pages.2 -s ssF Set the paper size. This determines what size paper the programF assumes you are printing on. The default is "letter", which is 8.5 xF 11 inches. The argument is the name of a paper size; type DVIDIS -s" ? for a list of possible values.F The paper size controls where DVIDIS places a visible gray border,F and when it tells you that characters have "run off the page". It) always displays the characters, however.F Paper size "huge" is me <ant for special purposes; using it will makeF many of the commands you can type to DVIDIS while it is running work@ in strange ways. You should generally avoid using size "huge". 2 -verboseF Makes the program talkative. This is mainly useful for debugging,F but since it displays all the font files it opens, successfully orF not, it can be used to determine which files are needed. The neededF files can be created if they don't already exist. They can also be= put on your worksta =tion's local disk to improve performance.2 -v , -h F Set the vertical (horizonal) margin. Next argument is the margin, inF milli-inches. Default is 1000 milli-inches each, which is the sameF default used by many common DVI printing programs. If you find a lotF of "off-screen glyph" errors, and you have the paper size setF correctly, try changing these parameters. (Besides 1000, the second3 most common value expected is 0 for both margins.)F Note that the default cor >responds to the current TeX standard. IfF you find you have to use some other value to make your output lookA right, some other piece of software you are running is obsolete.2 -wF Specifies a 4-to-1 glyph compression factor. This allows you to seeF how a whole page looks, but unfortunately it's rather hard to read the resulting text.2 AuthorF Jerry Leichter, based on work of Bill Gropp's, which in turn wasF based on a lot of earlier work by others; with additional input ?fromF Bert Beander at DEC. Comments/questions/suggestions to Jerry Leichter at* LEICHTER-JERRY@CS.YALE.EDU or' LEICHTER@YALEVMS.BITNET2 BugsF DVIDIS is intended to report an error if it can't find a "close"F match to a font called for in the file it is displaying. The test itF makes for "closeness" is wrong, however, so it currently almost neverF reports a problem. The result may be grossly distorted output, withF no indication @ that the problem isn't in the file, it's that DVIDIS$ had to chose an inappropriate font.F Characters actually appearing in the font file, but with no pixelsF (i.e., a "0 by 0" raster) cause DVIDIS to crash. This is known toF occur with the CMAPL10 font (at least character '040 is a "space")F and probably will occur with any of the LaTeX "invisible" slide fonts.F Stanford Version 2.2 of PXTOPK, and all distributed versions to dateF of Kellerman and Smith's PXTOPKA for VMS, have distinct bugs thatF produce completely invalid PK files. Files produced using theF Stanford V2.2 code can be recognized by using PKTYPE and looking atF the X-offset and Y-offset values for a couple of characters. TypicalF values are small positive or negative integers - values outside theF range -30 to 30 are very unlikely. The V2.2 code will produceF random, often very large, values. I don't know the exact symptoms ofF the problems the Kellerman and Smith B code will produce. See theF article by Dan Hosek in TeXhax, Volume 88, #24 for a discussion.F Version 2.3 of PXTOPK fixes the underlying problem; both PXTOPK.WEBF and a corresponding version of PXTOPK.VMS-CHANGES should be availableF from "the usual sources", or from the same place you got DVIDIS, if all else fails.F DVIDIS uses the dx field of PK fonts to determine the width of theF characters it displays. Width information can also be obtained fromF the "TFM width" fieCld. It seems that most commonly-used DVI fileF drivers use the TFM width. As a result, bugs that result in PK filesF with invalid dx values can go undetected for years. The most commonF case, easily detectable with PKTYPE, will have dx=0 for all theF characters. When such a font is displayed, what you'll see isF bunches of characters displayed at the same position; sinceF inter-word spacing doesn't depend on the dx values, you'll see oneF "blotch" per word. D One place I've seen this come up is with theF Hebrew fonts that come with Jacques Goldberg's SemiTeX. ExaminationF of the GF files reveals that they have 0 dx values as well, so theF problem seems to be some (as-yet undetermined) inappropriateF parameter setting for Metafont. You can work around this problem byF doing a round-about conversion: Rather than using GFTOPK, use GFTOPXF (or PKTOPX, if you've already got PK files), then PXTOPK. PX filesF don't store the dx valu Ee at all, so a CORRECT PXTOPK will re-compute it.F If DVIDIS_FONT_SIZES specifies exactly one font size, unpredictableF results, including crashes, may occur. This shouldn't happen underF normal circumstances, but if you find a distorted display and otherF odd things happening, it could be that DVIDIS_FONT_SIZES is set upF wrong. In particular, make sure that you've defined it to have aF single translation that contains a list of sizes separated by commas,F rather than as mu Fltiple translations, each of which is a single size. This is discussed above.F If the original TeX run specified a magnification value other thanF 1000, the spacing will be incorrect. The only current work-around isF to re-run TeX without the magnification. Note that this restrictionF applies only to GLOBAL magnifications (i.e., uses of \magification).4 Individually magnified fonts are handled correctly.F There is a bug in the VAX C library for Versions 4.6 and 4.7 of VMSF that G will cause DVIDIS to die with a Reserved Operand Fault if itF runs out of memory. The only work-around is to increase the amountF of virtual memory available to the process running DVIDIS. (NoteF that, without the bug, DVIDIS would try to recover by discarding someF font information it has already read in. The resulting performanceF loss would probably be substantial, so you'd probably want to runF with a larger virtual memory limit anyway. On a workstation, thereF is litt Hle reason NOT to run this way in any case. You'll probably& want to allow big working sets, too.)2 Font_SubstitutionF If DVIDIS is unable to find a font as specified, it will check to seeF if you have defined a substitute for it in any of three substitution? files. If you are displaying file jobname.DVI, the files are:E jobname.SUB in the same directory as jobname.DVI;9 TEXFONTS.SUB in the current directory; TEX$INPUTS:TEXFONTS.SUBF I Every time a substitution is needed, the files present are checked,F in the order given, each from beginning to end, to try to find a4 substitute. Only the first match is used, however.F Each of the substitution files has the same format. It's a simpleF ASCII file, with one substitution per line. Comments, as in TeX, are7 introduced by "%" and continue to the end of the line.- A substitution line has either of two forms:* oldname.oldsize -> subname.subsize" Joldname -> subnameF The first format substitutes only for a particular font name andF size. The second format substitutes for a particular font name at any size.1 Spaces can be used freely in substitution lines.F Since only the first match is used, and the files are always readF from the first line onward, you should specify particular9 substitutions - those with a size - before generic ones.F It's not an error for the substituted font file not to Kbe found -F DVIDIS will proceed to look for "nearby" fonts, possibly substituting for them as well.F The DVIDIS distribution includes a TEXFONTS.SUB file that substitutesF CM fonts for AM fonts. This should allow you to display DVI files% created using older versions of TeX.2 InstallationF DVIDIS consists of a single image, DVIDIS.EXE, that runs on anF VAXStation with VWS V3.0 or later. It runs as a normal user-modeF image, and needs no special privileges. DVIDIS uses La fair amount ofF memory as it runs, so be sure to provide a reasonable working set -F at least 1200 pages, 2000 or more is better. In order for DVIDIS toF receive its arguments, it must be started with a foreign command line, given by something like:! $ DVIDIS :== $DEV:[DIR]DVIDISF Two "environment variables" can be set to control DVIDIS, and you canF specify font substitutions. The environment variables - typically,F logicals, but if no logicals are defined any DCL symb Mol of the sameB name will be used - are DVIDIS_FILE_FORMAT and DVIDIS_FONT_SIZES.3 DVIDIS_FILE_FORMATF A string that specifies how to construct a file specification for aF font file, given a font name and a dots-per-inch value. The fontF name will be substituted for %s; the dots-per-inch value for %d. YouF must have EXACTLY one of each, in either order; you may NOT have any additional occurences of "%".8 There are two common schemes for storing PK font files:; One dire Nctory, DEV:[DIR], font "name" at "ddd" dots9 per inch is file name.dddPK. A format string for5 this case would look like "DEV:[DIR]%s.%dPK".; One root directory, DEV:[DIR.]; fonts at "ddd" dots9 per inch are in subdirectory [.DPIddd], with font9 "name" in name.PK. A format string for this case/ would look like "DEV:[DIR.DPI%d]%s.PK".F If DVIDIS_FILE_FORMAT is not defined, the default format string isF "TEX_FONTS:[DPI%d]%s.PK". This c Oorresponds to the second way ofF organizing the font files, and assumes that TEX_FONTS is a rooted2 logical translating to something like DEV:[DIR.].F You can only specify a single file format, but that file format couldF involve a logical that translates to a search list. For example,- using the default file format, you might do:8 $ DEFINE TEX_FONTS $DISK1:[TEX.PK.],NODE::TEX_FONTS:F where "NODE" is the name of a node with more fonts than you areF willing to stor Pe locally. On NODE, TEX_FONTS must be a SYSTEMF logical name that translates to a rooted directory. (If you haveF proxy access to NODE, you could define TEX_FONTS in your login fileF on NODE). Because of a VMS bug, it isn't possible to use somethingF like NODE::DEV:[DIR.] to avoid needing a logical name on NODE. (ThisF bug appears in VMS Version 4.5. If you a more recent version, the bug may have been fixed.)+ I M P O R T A N T N O T EF The definitio Qn of DVIDIS_FILE_FORMAT will be used as a printf()F format string. The "d" and "s" format specifiers MUST be in lowerF case; if you make them upper case, the format will not work. NoteF also that DCL forces characters to upper case unless they are insideE a quoted string. Hence, your definition should look something like:3 $ DEFINE DVIDIS_FILE_FORMAT "TEX_FONTS:%s.%dPK"3 DVIDIS_FONT_SIZESF This variable must translate to a list of all dot-per-inch values atF which yo Ru have any fonts available. The list consist of just theF numbers (the "ddd" values discussed above), separated by commas.? DVIDIS will never find a font at a size not given in the list. The default list is:< 100,121,145,174,180,208,210,225,240,250,263,270,274,; 300,329,360,432,518,622,746,895,896,1074,1075,1289, 1290,1547,1548F which is the list of values I've got. Extra values will slow DVIDISF down a bit when it has to open a file, but not by mu Sch, so you can4 use the default unless you have some sizes I don't./ Note that this list is NOT a search list, use:, $ DEFINE DVIDIS_FONT_SIZES "300,329,360"F WITH THE QUOTATION MARKS. If you leave the quotation marks off,= DVIDIS will never use anything but the first value you list. 2 Keypad_keysF The Find and Remove keypad keys use OSC functions to control theF terminal window. OSC's must be enabled; from questions I'veF received, it seems that many people a Tre not enabling them. To enableF OSC's, issue the following command from DCL (in a privileged account):7 $ DEFINE/SYSTEM/EXEC UIS$VT_ENABLE_OSC_STRINGS TRUE2 Release_notesF If you have used previous versions of DVIDIS, note that this versionF is VERY different. The human interface is much better, but mostF important, the program now reads PK format font files, not the old,F very obsolete RST format font files. It is possible to build aF version with RST file support, but that hasn't been tested and is not5 recommended. PK fonts are MUCH better in every way.ww V w/1 TeXF The TeX command typesets a file of text. To be more specific,F it processes an input file containing the text of a document withF interspersed commands that describe how the text should be formatted.F It produces two files as output, a Device Independent (DVI) file thatF contains commands that can be translated into commands for a varietyF of output devices, and a `transcript' or `log file' that containsF summary information and diagnostic messages fWor any errors discovered in the input file.F For a description of what goes on inside TeX, you should consult TheF TeXbook by Donald E. Knuth, ISBN 0-201-13448-9, published jointly byF the American Mathematical Society and Addison-Wesley PublishingE Company. Some documentation can be found in TEX_DISK:[TEX.DOC.TEX]. Format: tex [ &format ] input-file 2 Parameters &formatF The format specification indicates a particular format to be loaded.F Normally, you will X omit the format, and TeX will use the default PLAIN format. input-file, ...F The input file specification indicates the file to be formatted; TeXF uses TEX as a default file extension. If you omit the input fileF entirely, TeX accepts input from the terminal. You specify commandF options using the conventional VAX/VMS arrangement -- options beginF with a slash mark (/), and are placed following the command name or( following the input file specification.F Output files are always created in the current directory; the DVIF file has the file type DVI, and the log file has the file type LIS.F When you fail to specify an input file name, TeX bases the outputF names on the file specification associated with the logical name TEX_OUTPUT.wwZ?y/1 GloTeXG GloTeX is a utility which is used in conjunction with LaTeX toG automate the generation of glossaries in LaTeX documents. It enablesG you to maintain definitions of terms in Glossary Definition Files,G where they may be reused as needed. A User's Guide to GloTeX is available.$ The format of the GloTeX command is; GLOTEX file [/STYLE=value] [/GLOSSARY=(file-list)] 2 ParametersG The "file" parameter is the name of the inp [ut file. This file is usedG to specify which terms should be included in the glossary. The6 default file specification "SYS$DISK:[].GLO" is used. 2 Qualifiers/STYLEG The /STYLE qualifier is used to specify how the glossary should beG formatted. Specify the value "ARTICLE" if using the LaTeX articleG document style. Specify the value "REPORT" if using the LaTeX reportG or book document styles. Specify the value "SPECIAL" (or omit theG qualifier -- it's optiona \l) if using a Monsanto CR&DS document style (pamphlet, manual, or memo). /GLOSSARYG The /GLOSSARY qualifier is used to specify one or more GlossaryG Definition Files to be searched for the definitions which you wish toG include in the glossary. The files are searched in the orderG specified. For each file specified in the list of files, the defaultG file specification is "SYS$DISK:[].GDF". Although this qualifier isG optional, no glossary will be built ] unless one or more Glossary Definition Files is specified.2 Preparing the Source File* To prepare the LaTeX source file you must@ * Include a "\makeglossary" command in the document preamble.G * Include a "\glossary" command (format: \glossary{label}) for eachG term you wish to include in the glossary. The "label" is an> identifier which specifies the definition to be included.G * Include the command "\input{myfile.gls}" in the document at theG p ^oint at which the glossary should appear. Here, "myfile" is the name of your source file.G LaTeX will generate the file "myfile.glo" when the "\makeglossary"G command is present (again, "myfile" is the name of your source file).4 GloTeX will generate the file "myfile.gls" from it.(2 Preparing the Glossary Definition FileG The Glossary Definition File is a text file containing one or more5 glossary entries. The format of a glossary entry is& @entry{label, it _em} definition! definition (continued)...G The "label" is the identifier for the glossary entry. It is matchedG against the label specified in the "\glossary" command to determine if. the entry should be included in the glossary.G The "entry" is the word or phrase being defined. If identical to the label, it need not be defined.G The "definition" is the text which defines the term. It mayG optionally start on the same line as "@entry", but that is notG required. The text of the definition is interpreted as LaTeX source% text and is formatted appropriately.ww a {/1 IdxTeXG IdxTeX is a program which automates the generation of an Index in aG LaTeX document. Normally, an Index is generated in LaTeX by using theG \makeindex command in the document preamble, with appropriate \indexG commands within the document to create the needed entries. LaTeXG generates a file with an .IDX file type which includes the necessaryG information. The user is left with the job of manually formatting the result.G Using IdxTeX, the b .IDX file is transformed into an .IND file whichG contains all of the necessary commands to generate aG properly-formatted index. It is, then, merely necessary to \input9 this file in your source document to generate the Index.G The IdxTeX User's Guide contains more information about using this program.& To use the program, issue the command? $ IDXTEX file [/TOC = { ARTICLE | REPORT }] [/MASTER] 2 ParametersG file Specify the name of t che file to be processed. LaTeX generatesG a file with the same filename as your document, but with theG .IDX filetype. This is the source file used by IdxTeX.G IdxTeX generates an output file with the same filename as the0 input file, but with the .IND filetype.G You need only specify the name of the file. By default,G IdxTeX will look for a file with a specified (i.e., required)G filename, but with the .IDX fildetype in your current default directory. 2 Qualifiers/TOCG The normal LaTeX document styles (article, report, and book) do notG automatically generate Table of Contents entries for the Index. IfG you wish the Index to appear in the Table of Contents, you must use the /TOC qualifier.G The /TOC qualifier must be specified with either the value ARTICLE or& REPORT. That is, you must use either" $ IDXTEX file /TOC:ARTICLE -or-! e $ IDXTEX file /TOC:REPORTG for the command to work. Use the ARTICLE value with the articleG document style. Use REPORT with either the report or book document styles.& NOTE? If you are using a document style which automatically? includes a reference to the Index in the Table of? Contents, DO NOT use the /TOC qualifier. Using /TOC? in this case will cause the Table of Contents to list f the Index twice./MASTERG The /MASTER qualifier is used when preparing a Master Index. A MasterG Index is a document (in a set of documents) which contains a completeG index of all of the terms which appear in any Index of any other document in the set.G Please refer to the IdxTeX User's Guide for information on how to use this qualifier.2 Making_Index_EntriesG IdxTeX supports three levels of indexing. To make an entry for theG term "Test", enter \index{ gTest}. To make a subindex entry forG "Release" under "Test", enter \index{Test>Release}. To make aG subsubindex entry for "New" under "Release", enterG \index{Test>Release>New}. Note that the syntax was chosen to beG similar to the syntax of RUNOFF to facilitate the conversion of documents.3 Highlights G To cause the page number reference in the entry to appear in boldface,G include the ^ character as the first character h in the index entryG (i.e., \index{^Test>Release>New}. Similarly, use the ~ character toG cause the page number reference to appear in italics, and the _C character to cause the page number reference to appear underlined.3 Ranges > IdxTeX recognizes two different types of page reference rangeG o If \index commands for the same term are located on a consecutiveG set of pages, this range is specially processed. For example, ifG \index{Test>Release>N iew} is found on pages 11, 12, 13, 14, and 20,G then in the index produced by IdxTeX the page references will be displayed as 11-14, 20.G o To indicate that an entry is discussed on the current page andG following pages, use # as the first character of the entry. ForG example, \index{#Test>Release>New} on page 11 will generate a* reference which is displayed as 11ff.3 Cross-References G IdxTeX also supports index cross references. To create an entry in the index of the form Versions, 12 see also! * Test, Release, New use the commands \index{Versions}& \index{Versions@Test>Release>New}G The IdxTeX User's Guide contains more information about cross references.wwk/1 LaTeXA LaTeX is a computer program for generating many kinds of printedC documents. You type in your text and some commands to say how you, want it formatted, and LaTeX does the rest. Format:LATEX [/qualifiers] input-file 2 CommandsD A LaTeX command begins with the command name, which consists of a \; followed by either (a) a string of letters or (b) a singleD non-letter. Arguments contained in square brackets [] are optional5 while arguments contained iln braces {} are required.B NOTE: LaTeX is case sensitive. Enter all commands in lower case, unless explicitly directed to do otherwise. 3 CountersC Everything LaTeX numbers for you has a counter associated with it.F The name of the counter is the same as the name of the environment orE command that produces the number, except with no \. Below is a listA of the counters used LaTeX's standard document styles to control numbering.6 part part figure m enumi7 chapter subparagraph table enumii8 section page footnote enumiii7 subsection equation mpfootnote enumiv subsubsection4 \addtocounter \addtocounter {counter} {value}? The \addtocounter command increments the counter by the amountF specified by the value argument. The value argument can be negative.4 \alph \alph {counter}> This command causes the value of the counter to be printed in< alphabetic ncharacters. The \alph command causes lower caseA alphabetic characters, e.g. a, b, c... while the \Alph command: causes upper case alphabetic characters, e.g. A, B, C... 4 \arabic \arabic {counter}E The \arabic command causes the value of the counter to be printed in arabic numbers, e.g. 3. 4 \fnsymbol \fnsymbol {counter}D The \fnsymbol command causes the value of the counter to be printedF in a specific sequence of nine symbols that can be used for numbering footnootes. 4 \newcounter \newcounter {foo} [counter]> The \newcounter command defines a new counter named foo. The? optional argument [counter] causes the counter foo to be resetD whenever the counter named in the optional argument is incremented.4 \roman \roman {counter}D This command causes the value of the counter to be printed in romanE numerals. The \roman command causes lower case roman numerals, e.g.@ i, ii, iii..., while the \Roman command causes upper case roman npumerals, e.g. I, II, III... 4 \setcounter \setcounter {counter} {value}> The \setcounter command sets the value of the counter to that! specified by the value argument. 4 \usecounter \usecounter {counter}C The \usecounter command is used in the second argument of the listD environment to allow the counter specified to be used to number the list items.4 \value \value {counter}B The \value command produces the value of the counter named in theF mandatory argumenqt. It can be used where LaTeX expects an integer orF number, such as the second argument of a \setcounter or \addtocounter command, or in \hspace{\value{foo}\parindent}1 It is useful for doing arithmetic with counters.3 Cross_ReferencesA One reason for numbering things like figures and equations is toA refer the reader to them, as in "See Figure 3 for more details."4 \label \label{key}C A \label command appearing in ordinary text assigns to the key theF number of trhe current sectional unit; one appearing inside a numbered, environment assings that number to the key.E A key con consist of any sequence of letters, digits, or punctuation9 characters. Upper- and lowercase letters are different. 4 \pageref \pageref{key}B The \pageref command produces the page number of the place in the5 text where the corresponding \label command appears.4 \ref \ref{key}E The \ref command produces the number of the sectional unit, equation2 number, .s.. of the corresponding \label command. 3 Definitions 4 \newcommand \newcommand{cmd}[args]{def} \renewcommand{cmd}[args]{def}/ These commands define (or redefine) a command.F - cmd: A command name beginning with a \. For \newcommand it must= not be already defined and must not begin with \end; for. \renewcommand it must already be defined.F - args: An integer from 1 to 9 denoting the number of arguments ofB the command being defined. The default is fotr the command to have no arguments.D - def: The text to be substituted for every occurrence of cmd; aC parameter of the form n in cmd is replaced by the text of the5 nth argument when this substitution takes place.4 \newenvironment+ \newenvironment{nam}[args]{begdef}{enddef}- \renewenvironment{nam}[args]{begdef}{enddef}2 These commands define or redefine an environment.B - nam: The name of the environment. For \newenvironment thereC must be no curr uently defined environment by that name, and the? command \nam must be undefined. For \renewenvironment the) environment must already be defined.F - args: An integer from 1 to 9 denoting the number of arguments ofA the newly-defined environment. The default is no arguments.: - begdef: The text substituted for every occurrence ofC \begin{name}; a parameter of the form n in cmd is replaced byE the text of the nth argument when this substitution takes place.vE - enddef: The text substituted for every occurrence of \end{nam}./ It may notcontain any argument parameters. 4 \newtheorem' \newtheorem{env_name}{caption}[within]. \newtheorem{env_name}[numbered_like]{caption}1 This command defines a theorem-like environment.C - env_name: The name of the environment -- a string of letters.@ Must not be the name of an existing environment or counter.D - caption: The text printed at the beginning of the environment, rwight before the number.B - within: The name of an already defined counter, usually of aC sectional unit. Provides a means of resetting the new theorem' counter within the sectional unit.@ - numbered_like: The name of an already defined theorem-like environment.@ The \newtheorem command may have at most one optional argument. 4 \newfont \newfont{cmd}{font_name}F Defines the command name cmd, which must not be currently defined, toA be a declaration thatx selects the font named font_name to be the current font.3 Document_Styles% Valid LaTeX document styles include: o article o report o ioc o letter o milstd o bookform. They are selected with the following command:! \documentstyle [options] {style}* The options for the different styles are:C 1. article: 11pt, 12pt, twoside, twocolumn, draft, fleqn, leqno, acmF 2. report: 11pt, 12pt, twoside, twocolumn, draft, fleqn, leqno,y acm+ 3. letter: 11pt, 12pt, fleqn, leqno, acm= 4. ioc: 11pt, 12pt, twoside,twocolumn, draft, fleqn, leqno@ 5. milstd: 11pt, 12pt, twoside,twocolumn, draft, fleqn, leqnoB 6. bookform: 11pt, 12pt, twoside,twocolumn, draft, fleqn, leqnoA If you specify more than one option, they must be separated by a comma.4 \flushbottomC The \flushbottom declaration makes all text pages the same height,A adding extra veritcal space when necessary to fill out the page. 4 \onezcolumn: The \onecolumn declaration starts a new page and produces single-column output.4 \raggedbottomE The \raggedbottom declaration makes all pages the height of the text1 on that page. No extra vertical space is added. 4 \twocolumnE The \twocolumn declaration starts a new page and produces two-column output.3 EnvironmentsD LaTeX provides a number of different paragraph-making environments.5 Each environment begins and ends in the same manner. \begin{envir{onment-name} . . . \end{environment-name}4 array \begin{array}{col1col2...coln}8 column 1 entry & column 2 entry ... & column n entry \\ . . . \end{array}F Math arrays are produced with the array environment. It has a singleF mandatory argument describing the number of columns and the alignmentF within them. Each column, coln, is specified by a single letter that1 tells how items in that row should be formatted. - c for centered| - l for flushleft - r for flushrightF Column entries must be separated by an &. Column entries may includeE other LaTeX commands. Each row of the array must be terminated with a \\.4 center \begin{center} Text on line 1 \\ Text on line 2 \\ . . . \end{center}F The center environment allows you to create a paragraph consisting ofA lines that are centered within the left and right margins on the7 current page. Each line must be terminated with a \\. } 5 \centering> This declaration corresponds to the center environment. ThisD declaration can be used inside an environment such as quote or in aF parbox. The text of a figure or table can be centered on the page byE putting a \centering command at the beginning of the figure or table environment.E Unlike the center environment, the \centering command does not startF a new paragraph; it simply changes how LaTeX formats paragraph units.B To affect a paragraph unit's format, the scop~e of the declarationD must contain the blank line or \end command (of an environment like% quote) that ends the paragraph unit. 4 description \begin{description} \item [label] First item \item [label] Second item . . . \end{description}F The description environment is used to make labeled lists. The label is bold face and flushed right.4 documentlist \begin{documentlist}: \item[Title \\ subtitle \\ subtitle] Document description: \item[Title \\ subtitle \\ subtitle] Document description . . . \end{documentlist}D The documentlist environment is used to produce a list of documentsB where the title of the document is formatted as one stack and theB description is formatted as another stack. These stacks are thenF placed side by side with the tops of the stacks alined. For example,# MIL-STD-490 The Preparation of ' Notice 2 Military Specifications 4 enumerate \begin{enumerate} \item First item \item Second item . . . \end{enumerate}F The enumerate environment produces a numbered list. Enumerations canE be nested within one another, up to four levels deep. They can also6 be nested within other paragraph-making environments.E Each item of an enumerated list begins with an \item command. There; must be at least one \item command within the environment. 4 eqnarray \begin{eqnarray} math formula 1 \\ math formula 2 \\ . . . \end{eqnarray}D The eqnarray environment is used to display a sequence of equations< or inequalities. It is very much like a three-column arrayC environment, with consecutive rows separated by \\ and consecutiveD items within a row separated by an &. An equation number is placed8 on every line unless that line has a \nonumber command. 4 equation \begin{equation} math formula \end{equation}F The equation environment centers your equation on the page and places) the equation number in the right margin.4 figure \begin{figure}[placement] body of the figure \caption{figure title} \end{figure}B Figures are objects that are not part of the normal text, and areA usually "floated" to a convenient place, like the top of a page.- Figures will not be split between two pages.E The optional argument [placement] determines where LaTeX will try toC place your figure. There are four places where LaTeX can possibly put a float:< - h: Here - at the position in the text where the figure environment appears.) - t: Top - at the top of a text page./ - b: Bottom - at the bottom of a text page.C - p: Page of floats - on a separate float page, which is a page% containing no text, only floats.F The standard report and article styles use the default specifier tbp.D The body of the figure is made up of whatever text, LaTeX commands,? etc. you wish. The \caption command allows you to title your figure. 4 flushleft \begin{flushleft} Text on line 1 \\ Text on line 2 \\ . . . \end{flushleft}F The flushleft environment allows you to create a paragraph consistingC of lines that are flushed left to the left-hand margin. Each line must be terminated with a \\.5 \raggedrightA This declaration corresponds to the flushleft environment. ThisD declaration can be used inside an environment such as quote or in a parbox.D Unlike the flushleft environment, the \raggedright command does notE start a new paragraph; it simply changes how LaTeX formats paragraph> units. To affect a paragraph unit's format, the scope of the? declaration must contain the blank line or \end command (of an6 environment like quote) that ends the paragraph unit. 4 flushright \begin{flushright} Text on line 1 \\ Text on line 2 \\ . . . \end{flushright}< The flushright environment allows you to create a paragraphE consisting of lines that are flushed right to the right-hand margin.( Each line must be terminated wi th a \\. 5 \raggedleftB This declaration corresponds to the flushright environment. ThisD declaration can be used inside an environment such as quote or in a parbox.D Unlike the flushright environment, the \raggedleft command does notE start a new paragraph; it simply changes how LaTeX formats paragraph> units. To affect a paragraph unit's format, the scope of the? declaration must contain the blank line or \end command (of an6 environment like quote) that ends the paragraph unit. 4 itemize \begin{itemize} \item First item \item Second item . . . \end{itemize}D The itemize environment produces a bulleted list. Itemizations canE be nested within one another, up to four levels deep. They can also6 be nested within other paragraph-making environments.C Each item of an itemized list begins with an \item command. There; must be at least one \item command within the environment.4 list \begin{list}{label}{spacing} \item First item \item Second item . . . \end{list}B The {label} argument specifies how items should be labeled. ThisB argument is a piece of text that is inserted in a box to form the? label. This argument can and usually does contain other LaTeX commands.? The {spacing} argument contains commands to change the spacingF parameters for the list. This argument will most often be null, i.e.C {}. This will select all default spacing which should suffice for most cases. 4 minipage$ \begin{ minipage} [position] {width} text \end{minipage}D The minipage environment is similar to a \parbox command. It takesB the same optional position argument and mandatory width argument.C You may use other paragraph-making environments inside a minipage.A Footnotes in a minipage environment are handled in a way that isC particularly useful for putting footnotes in figures or tables. AF \footnote or \footnotetext command puts the footnote at the bottom ofC the minipage instead of at the bottom of the page, and it uses the= mpfootnote counter instead of the ordinary footnote counter.> NOTE: Don't put one minipage inside another if you are usingA footnotes; they may wind up at the bottom of the wrong minipage. 4 picture1 \begin{picture}(width,height)(x offset,y offset) . picture commands . \end{picture}D The picture environment allows you to create just about any kind ofB picture you want containing text, lines, arrows and circles. YouB tell LaTeX where to put things in the picture by specifying theirE coordinates. A coordinate is a number that may have a decimal pointB and a minus sign - a number like 5, 2.3 or -3.1416. A coordinateF specifies a length in multiples of the unit length \unitlength, so ifF \unitlength has been set to 1cm, then the coordinate 2.54 specifies aE length of 2.54 centimeters. You can change the value of \unitlengthD anywhere you want, using the \setlength command, but strange thingsC will happen if you try ch anging it inside the picture environment.F A positionis a pair of coordinates, such as (2.4,-5), which specifiesF the point with x-coordinate 2.4 and y-coordinate -5. Coordinates are? specified in the usual way with respect to an origin, which isD normally at the lower-left corner of the picture. Note that when aC position appears as an argument, it is not enclosed in braces; the+ parentheses serve to delimit the argument.? The picture environment has one mandatory argument, which is aB position. It specifies the size of the picture. The environmentD produces a rectangular box with width and height determined by this! argument's x- and y-coordinates.@ The picture environment also has an optional position argument,B following the size argument, that can change the origin. (UnlikeF ordinary optional arguments, this argument is not contained in squareD brackets.) The optional argument gives the coordinates of the pointA at the lower-left corner of the picture (thereby determining the? origin). For example, if \unitlength has been set to 1mm, the command \begin{picture}(100,200)(10,20); produces a picture of width 100 millimeters and height 200D millimeters, whose lower-left corner is the point (10,20) and whoseE upper-right corner is therefore the point (110,220). When you firstA draw a picture, you will omit the optional argument, leaving theB origin at the lower-left corner. If you then want to modify yourF picture by shifting everything, you just add the appropriate optional argument.D The environment's mandatory argument determines the nominal size ofB the picture. This need bear no relation to how large the pictureB really is; LaTeX will happily allow you to put things outside theF picture, or even off the page. The picture's nominal size is used by2 TeX in determining how much room to leave for it.C Everything that appears in a picture is drawn by the \put command. The command \put (11.3,-.3){ ... }F puts the object specified by "..." in the picture, with its referenceC point at coordinates (11.3,-.3). The reference points for various! objects will be described below.F The \put command creates an LR box. You can put anything in the textD argument of the \put command that you'd put into the argument of anC \mbox and related commands. When you do this, the reference point* will be the lower left corner of the box. 5 \circle \circle[*]{diameter}E The \circle command produces a circle of the specified diameter. If? the *-form of the command is used, LaTeX draws a solid circle. 5 \dashbox, \dashbox{dash length}(width,height){ ... }E The \dashbox has an extra argument which specifies the width of each= dash. A dashed box looks best when the width and height are multiples of the dash length.5 \frame \frame{ ... }> The \frame command puts a rectangular frame around the objectC specified in the argument. The reference point is the bottom leftF corner of the frame. No extra space is put between the frame and the object. 5 \framebox* \framebox(width,height)[position]{ ... }< The \framebox command is analogous to the \makebox command.5 \line \line(x slope,y slope){length}B The \line command draws a line of the specified length and slope.5 \linethickness \linethickness{dimension}E Declares the thickness of horizontal and vertical lines in a pictureB environment to be dimension, which must be a positive length. ItC does not affect the thickness of slanted lines and circles, or the? quarter circles drawn by \oval to form the corners of an oval. 5 \makebox) \makebox(width,height)[position]{ ... }C The \makebox command for the picture environment is similar to theA normal \makebox command except that you must specify a width and$ height in multiples of \unitlength.D The optional argument, [position], specifies the quadrant that your= text appears in. You may select up to two of the following:3 - t: Moves the item to the top of the rectangle% - b: Moves the item to the bottom# - l: Moves the item to the left$ - r: Moves the item to the right 5 \multiputF \multiput(x coord,y coord)(delta x,delta y){number of copies}{object}@ The \multiput command can be used when you are putting the same. object in a regular pattern across a picture.5 \oval \oval(width,height)[portion]B The \oval command produces a rectangle with rounded corners. TheE optional argument, [portion], allows you to select part of the oval. - t: Selects the top portion# - b: Selects the bottom portion" - r: Selects the right portion! - l: Selects the left portion5 \put \put(x coord,y coord){ ... }E The \put command places the item specified by the mandatory argument at the given coordinates. 5 \shortstack+ \shortstack[position]{... \\ ... \\ ...}@ The \shortstack command produces a stack of objects. The valid positions are:4 - r: Moves the objects to the right of the stack3 - l: Moves the objects to the left of the stack? - c: Moves the objects to the center of the stack (default) 5 \vector! \vector(x slope,y slope){length}@ The \vector command draws a line with an arrow of the specifiedB length and slope. The x and y values must lie between -4 and +4, inclusive. 4 quotation \begin{quotation} text \end{quotation}F The margins of the quotation environment are indented on the left and? the right. The text is justified at both margins and there isE paragraph indentation. Leaving a blank line between text produces a new paragraph.4 quote \begin{quote} text \end{quote}F The margins of the quote environment are indented on the left and theE right. The text is justified at both margins. Leaving a blank line' between text produces a new paragraph. 4 tabbing \begin{tabbing}5 text \= more text \= still more text \= last text \\ second row \> \> more \\ . . . \end{tabbing}E The tabbing environment provides a way to align text in columns. ItC works by setting tab stops and tabbing to them much the way you do with an ordinary typewriter.5 \=# The \= command sets the tab stops.5 \><The \> command causes LaTeX to advance to the next tab stop.5 \<D The \< command allows you to put something to the left of the local$ margin without changing the margin.5 \+= The \+ command moves the left margin of the next and all the. following commands one tab stop to the right.5 \-= The \- command moves the left margin of the next and all the- following commands one tab stop to the left.5 \'A The \' command moves everything that you have typed so far n theF current column , everything starting from the most recent \>, \<, \',A \\, or \kill command, to the right of the previous column, flush' against the current column's tab stop.5 \`D The \` command allows you to put text flushed right against any tabF stop, including tab stop 0. However, it can't move text to the rightF of the last column because there's no tab stop there. The \` commandB moves all the text that follows it, up to the \\ or \end{tabbing}? command that ends the line, to the right margin of the tabbingC environment. There must be no \> or \' command between the \` and the command that ends the line.5 \killF The \kill command allows you to set tab stops without producing text.F It works just like the \\ except that it throws away the current lineD instead of producing output for it. The effect of any \=, \+ or \-( commands in that line remain in effect.4 table \begin{table}[placement] body of the table \caption{table title} \end{table}A Tables are objects that are not part of the normal text, and areA usually "floated" to a convenient place, like the top of a page., Tables will not be split between two pages.E The optional argument [placement] determines where LaTeX will try toF place your table. There are four places where LaTeX can possibly put a float:; - h: Here - at the position in the text where the table environment appears.) - t: Top - at the top of a text page./ - b: Bottom - at the bottom of a text page.C - p: Page of floats - on a separate float page, which is a page% containing no text, only floats.F The standard report and article styles use the default specifier tbp.C The body of the table is made up of whatever text, LaTeX commands,F etc. you wish. The \caption command allows you to title your table. 4 tabular \begin{tabular}[pos]{cols}8 column 1 entry & column 2 entry ... & column n entry \\ . . . \end{tabular} or# \begin{tabular*}{width}[pos]{cols}8 column 1 entry & column 2 entry ... & column n entry \\ . . . \end{tabular*}E These environments produce a box consisting of a sequence of rows ofA items,aligned vertically in columns. The mandatory and optional arguments consist of:D o width: Specifies the width of the tabular* environment. ThereF must be rubber space between columns that can stretch to fill out the specified width.E o pos: Specified the vertical postionion; default is alignment on# the center of the environment. - t - align on top row - b - align on bottom row> o cols: Specifies the column formatting. It consists of a? sequence of the following specifiers, corresponding to the2 sequence of columns and intercolumn material., - l - A column of left-aligned items.- - r - A column of right-aligned items.( - c - A column of centered items.= - | - A vertical line the full height and depth of the environment.C - @{text} - This inserts text in every row. An @-expressionC suppresses the intercolumn space normally inser ted betweenE columns; any desired space between the inserted text and theF adjacent items must be included in text. An \extracolsep{wd}E command in an @-expression causes an extra space of width wd? to appear to the left of all subsequent columns, until? countermanded by another \extracolsep command. Unlike< ordinary intercolumn space, this extra space is notD suppressed by an @-expression. An \extracolsep command can> be used only in an @-expression in the cols argument.E - p{wd} - Produces a column with each item typeset in a parboxD of width wd, as if it were the argument of a \parbox[t]{wd}F command. However, a \\ may not appear in the item, except inB the following situations: (i) inside an environment likeF minipage, array, or tabular, (ii) inside an explicit \parbox,@ or (iii) in the scope of a \centering, \raggedrigth, orF \raggedleft declaration. The latter declarations must appear@ inside braces or an environment when used in a p-column element.F - *{num}{cols} - Equivalent to num copies of cols, where num is5 any positive integer and cols is any list ofC column-specifiers, which may contain another *-expression.5 \cline \cline {i-j}= The \cline command draws horizontal lines across the columns% specified in the mandatory argument.5 \hline@ The \hline command will d raw a horizontal line the width of theC table. It's most commonly used to draw a line at the top, bottom,# and between the rows of the table.5 \multicolumn! \multicolumn {cols} {pos} {text}F The \multicolumn is used to make an entry that spans several columns.D The first mandatory argument, cols, specifies the number of columns< to span. The second mandatory argument, pos, specifies the@ formatting of the entry; c for centered, l for flushleft, r forE flushright. The third mandatory argument, text, specifies what text is to make up the entry.5 \vline@ The \vline command will draw a vertical line extending the fullD height and depth of its row. An \hfill command can be used to move? the line to the edge of the column. It can also be used in an @-expression.4 thebibliography& \begin{thebibliography}{widest-label} \bibitem[label]{cite_key} . . . \end{thebibliography}E The thebibliography environment produces a bibliography or reference< list. In the article style, this reference list is labeledA "References"; in the report style, it is labeled "Bibliography".E o widest-label: Text that, when printed, is approximately as wide@ as the widest item label produces by the \bibitem commands. 5 \bibitem \bibitem[label]{cite_key}B The \bibitem command generates an entry labeled by label. If theE label argument is missing, a number is generated as the label, usingF the enumi counter. The cite_key is any sequence of letters, numbers,E and punctuation symbols not containing a comma. This command writesC an entry on the aux file containing cite_key and the item's label.@ When this aux file is read by the \begin{document} command, theC item's label is associated with cite_key, causing the reference to= cite_key by a \cite command to produce the associated label.5 \cite \cite[text]{key_list}@ The key_list argument is a list of citation keys. This commandD generates an in-text citation to the references associated with the8 keys in key_list by entries on the aux file read by the \begin{document} command. 5 \nocite \nocite{key_list}F The \nocite command produces no text, but writes key_list, which is a4 list of one or more citation keys, on the aux file. 4 theorem \begin{theorem} theorem text \end{theorem}E The theorem environment produces "Theorem x" in boldface followed by your theorem text. 4 titlepage \begin{titlepage} text \end{titlepage}E The titlepage environment creates a title page, i.e. a page with noF printed page number or heading. It also causes the following page toF be numbered page one. Formatting the title page is left to you. The/ \today command comes in handy for title pages. 4 verbatim \begin{verbatim} text \end{verbatim}E The verbatim environment is a paragraph-making environment that gets@ LaTeX to print exactly what you type in. It turns LaTeX into aC typewriter with carriage returns and blanks having the same effect! that they would on a typewriter.5 \verb: \verb char literal_text char \verb*char literal_text charE Typesets literal_text exactly as typed, including special charactersB and spaces, using a typewriter (\tt) type style. There may be noE space between \verb or \verb* and char (space is shown here only for? clarity). The *-form differs only in that spaces are printed.4 verse \begin{verse} text \end{verse}B The verse environment is designed for poetry, though you may find other uses for it. 3 FootnotesD Footnotes can be produced in one of two ways. They can be producedD with one command, the \footnote command. They can also be producedE with two commands, the \footnotemark and the \footnotetext commands.B See the specific command for information on why you would use one over the other. 4 \footnote \footnote [number] {text}F The \footnote command places the numbered footnote text at the bottom@ of the current page. The optional argument, number, is used toF change the default footnote number. This command can only be used in outer paragraph mode.4 \footnotemarkF The \footnotemark command puts the footnote number in the text. This> command can be used in inner paragraph mode. The text of the3 footnote is supplied by the \footnotetext command.4 \footnotetext \footnotetext [number] {text}@ The \footnotetext command produces the text to be placed at the> bottom of the page. This command can come anywhere after theA \footnotemark command. The \footnotetext command must appear in outer paragraph mode.F The optional argument, number, is used to change the default footnote number.3 IOCs? You can use LaTeX to typeset IOCs. The ioc style has the same* optional parameters as the article style." An IOC is defined in three parts: 1. The IOC header 2. The IOC body 3. The IOC signature, The IOC header is made up of the following:, - To list: this can be one or more names. - From list: this can be one or more names1 - Copies list: This can be zero or more names - Subject: OptionalF NOTE: You must include a blank line following the Subject parameter.F You may use any of the LaTeX commands that make sense within the body of the IOC.F The IOC signature is made up of your name as a minimum. You may also4 specify your department, mail stop, extension, etc.C NOTE: You must include a blank line between the last entry in the. IOC signature and the \end{document} command.3 The default format for the ioc style is as follow:2 - The To: and From: addresses are one-column.( - The Copies: address is two-column.> These defaults can be changed by setting internal switches as follows: \let\To=\doublecolumn \let\From=\doublecolumn \let\Copies=\singlecolumnC This example makes the To: and From: lists two columns while the Copies: list is one column. 3 LengthsF A length is a measure of distance. Many LaTeX commands take a length as an argument. 4 \newlength \newlength {\gnat}C The \newlength command defines the mandatory argument, \gnat, as a@ length command with a value of 0in. An error occurs if a \gnat command already exists. 4 \setlength \setlength {\gnat} {length}E The \setlength command is used to set the value of a length command.B The length argument can be expressed in any terms of length LaTeXD understands, e.g. inches (in), millimeters (mm), points (pt), etc.4 \addtolength \addtolength {\gnat} {length}C The \addtolength command increments a length command by the amount@ specified in the length argument. It can be a negative amount. 4 \settowidth \settowidth {\gnat} {text}D The \settowidth command sets the value of a length command equal to the width of the text argument. 3 LettersB You can use LaTeX to typeset letters, both personal and business.E The letter document style is designed to make a number of letters at7 once, although you can make just one if you so desire.A Your .TEX source file has the same minimum commands as the otherA document styles, i.e. you must have the following commands as a minimum: \documentstyle{letter} \begin{document} ... letters ... \end{document}D Each letter is a letter environment, whose argument is the name and7 address of the recipient. For example, you might have/ \begin{letter}{Mr. John Doe \\ 2345 Jones St.  \\ Oakland, CA 91123} ... \end{letter}E The letter itself begins with the \opening command. The text of theE letter follows. It is typed as ordinary LaTeX input. Commands thatB make no sense in a letter, like \chapter, don't work. The letter closes with a \closing command.F After the closing, you can have additional material. The \cc commandE produces the usual "cc: ...". There's also a similar \encl command for a list of enclosures.4 DeclarationsF The following commands are declarations which take a single argument. 5 \address \address {Return address}> The return address, as it should appear on the letter and theC envelope. Separate lines of the address should be separated by \\@ commands. If you do not make an \address declaration, then the> letter will be formatted for copying onto your organization'sD standard letterhead. If you give an \address declaration, then the/ letter will be formatted as a personal letter. 5 \signature \signature {Your name}C Your name, as it should appear at the end of the letter underneathF the space for your signature. Items that should go on separate lines$ should be separated by \\ commands. 5 \location \location {address}? This modifies your organization's standard address. This only0 appears if the firstpage pagestyle is selected. 5 \telephone \telephone {number}C This is your telephone number. This only appears if the firstpage pagestyle is selected. 4 \opening \opening {text}F The letter begins with the \opening command. The mandatory argument,< text, is what ever text you wish to start your letter, e.g. \opening{Dear John,} 4 \closing \closing {text}0 The letter closes with a \closing command, e.g. \closing{Best Regards,}3 Line_and_Page_Breaking? The first thing LaTeX does when processing ordinary text is toB translate your input file into a string of glyphs and spaces. ToC produce a printed document, this string must be broken into lines,F and these lines must be broken into pages. In some environments, youE do the line breaking yourself with the \\ command, but LaTeX usually does it for you.4 \\ \\ [*] [extra-space]D The \\ command tells LaTeX to start a new line. It has an optionalD argument, extra-space, that specifies how much extra vertical space@ is to be inserted before the next line. This can be a negative amount.F The \\* command is the same as the ordinary \\ command except that it4 tells LaTeX not to start a new page after the line.4 \-B The \- command tells LaTeX that it may hyphenate the word at thatD point. LaTeX is very good at hyphenating, and it will usually find@ all correct hyphenation points. The \- command is used for the exceptional cases.4 \cleardoublepageB The \cleardoublepage command ends the current page and causes all@ figures and tables that have so far appeared in the input to beE printed. In a two-sided printing style, it also makes the next page< a right-hand (odd-numbered) page, producing a blank page if necessary. 4 \clearpageD The \clearpage command ends the current page and causes all figuresA and tables that have so far appeared in the input to be printed.4 \hyphenation \hyphenation{words}D The \hyphenation command declares allowed hyphenation points, where= words is a list of words, separated by spaces, in which each1 hyphenation point is indicated by a - character. 4 \linebreak \linebreak [number]D The \linebreak command tells LaTeX to break the current line at theC point of the command. With the optional argument, number, you can@ convert the \linebreak command from a demand to a request. TheF number must be a number from 0 to 4. The higher the number, the more insistent the request is.F The \linebreak command causes LaTeX to stretch the line so it extends to the right margin. 4 \newlineF The \newline command breaks the line right where it is. The \newline, command can be used only in paragraph mode. 4 \newpage, The \newpage command ends the current page.4 \nolinebreak \nolinebreak [number]B The \nolinebreak command prevents LaTeX from breaking the current? line at the point of the command. With the optional argument,D number, you can convert the \nolinebreak command from a demand to aC request. The number must be a number from 0 to 4. The higher the+ number, the more insistent the request is.4 \nopagebreak \nopagebreak [number]B The \nopagebreak command prevents LaTeX form breaking the current? page at the point of the command. With the optional argument,D number, you can convert the \nopagebreak command from a demand to aC request. The number must be a number from 0 to 4. The higher the+ number, the more insistent the request is. 4 \pagebreak \pagebreak [number]D The \pagebreak command tells LaTeX to break the current page at theC point of the command. With the optional argument, number, you can@ convert the \pagebreak command from a demand to a request. TheF number must be a number from 0 to 4. The higher the number, the more insistent the request is.3 Making_ParagraphsD A paragraph is ended by one or more completely blank lines -- linesF not containing even an %. A blank line should not appear where a newE paragraph cannot be started, such as in math mode or in the argument of a sectioning command. 4 \indentD This produces a horizontal spce whose width equals the width of theF paragraph indentation. It is used to add paragraph indentation where! it would otherwise be supressed. 4 \noindent? When used at the beginning of the paragraph, it suppresses theE paragraph indentation. It has noeffect when used in the middle of a paragraph.4 \parF Equivalent to a blank line; oftenused to make command and environment definitions easier to read.3 Math_FormulasA There are three e nvironments that put LaTeX in math mode: math,F displaymath, and equation. The math environment is for formulas that> appear right in the text. The displaymath environment is forE formulas that appear on their own line. The equation environment is? the same as the displaymath environment except that it adds an% equation number in the right margin.D The math environment can be used in both paragraph and LR mode, but> the displaymath and equation environments can be used only inC paragraph mode. The math and displaymath environments are used so0 often that they have the following short forms:1 \(...\) instead of \begin{math}...\end{math}? \[...\] instead of \begin{displaymath}...\end{displaymath}? In fact, the math environment is so common that it has an even shorter form: $ ... $ instead of \(...\)4 Subscripts_and_SuperscriptsA To get an expression exp to appear as a subscript, you just type@ _{exp}. To get exp to appear as a superscript, you type {exp}.F LaTeX handles superscripted superscripts and all of that stuff in theE natural way. It even does the right thing when something has both a subscript and a superscript.4 Math_SymbolsC TeX provides almost any mathematical symbol you're likely to need.E The commands for generating them can be used only in math mode. ForF example, if you include $\pi$ in your source, you will get the symbol "pi" in your output.4 Spacing_in_Math_ModeE In a math environment, LaTeX ignores the spaces you type and puts inC the spacing that it thinks is best. LaTeX formats mathematics theD way it's done in mathematics texts. If you want different spacing,A LaTeX provides the following four commands for use in math mode: 1. \; - a thick space 2. \: - a medium space 3. \, - a thin space 4. \! - a negative thin space4 Math_Miscellany5 \cdotsE The \cdots command produces a horizontal ellipsis where the dots are" raised to the center of the line.5 \ddots1 The \ddots command produces a diagonal ellipsis.5 \frac \frac {num} {den}< The \frac command produces the fraction num divided by den.5 \ldotsD The \ldots command produces an ellipsis. This command works in any mode, not just math mode. 5 \overbrace \overbrace {text}4 The \overbrace command generates a brace over text. 5 \overline \overline {text}@ The \overline command causes the argument text to be overlined.5 \sqrt \sqrt [root] {arg}A The \sqrt command produces the square root of its argument. TheD optional argument, root, determines what root to produce, i.e. the4 cube root of x+y would be typed as $\sqrt[3]{x+y}$. 5 \underbrace \underbrace {text}@ The \underbrace command generates text with a brace underneath. 5 \underline \underline {text}B The \underline command causes the argument text to be underlined.9 This command can also be used in paragraph and LR modes.5 \vdots1 The \vdots command produces a vertical ellipsis.3 ModesA When LaTeX is processing your input text, it is always in one of three modes: o Paragraph mode o Math mode1 o Left-to-right mode, called LR mode for shortA LaTeX changes mode only when it goes up or down a staircase to aD different level, though not all level changes produce mode changes.D Mode changes occur only when entering or leaving an environment, or@ when LaTeX is processing the argument of cert ain text-producing commands.A Paragraph mode is the most common; it's the one LaTeX is in whenE processing ordinary text. In that mode, LaTeX breaks your text intoC lines and breaks the lines into pages. LaTeX is in math mode whenE it's generating a mathematical formula. In LR mode, as in paragraphD mode, LaTeX considers the output that it produces to be a string ofA words with spaces between them. However, unlike paragraph mode,D LaTeX keeps going from left to right; it never star ts a new line inE LR mode. Even if you put a hundred words into an \mbox, LaTeX wouldB keep typesetting them from left to right inside a single box, andC then complain because the resulting box was too wide to fit on the line.> LaTeX is in LR mode when it starts making a box with an \mboxD command. You can get it to enter a different mode inside the box -E for example, you can make it enter math mode to put a formula in theF box. There are also several text-producing commands and envi ronmentsD for making a box that put LaTeX in paragraph mode. The box make byE one of these commands or environments will be called a parbox. WhenC LaTeX is in paragraph mode while making a box, it is said to be inF inner paragraph mode. Its normal paragraph mode, which it starts out$ in, is called outer paragraph mode. 3 Page_StylesC The \documentstyle command determines the size and position of theD page's head and foot. The page style determines what goes in them. 4 \maketitle \maketitleD The \maketitle command generates a title on a separate title page -F except in the article style, where the title normally goes at the topF of the first page. Information used to produce the title is obtained! from the following declarations. 5 \author \author{names}E The \author command declares the author(s), where names is a list ofE authors separated by \and commands. Use \\ to separate lines within= a single author's entry -- for example, to give the author's institution or address.E NOTE: The milstd and bookform styles have re-defined the \maketitleD command. The \title declaration is the only command of those shown below that has any meaning.5 \date \date{text}D The \date command declares text to be the document's date. With no) \date command, the current date is used. 5 \thanks \thanks{text}6 The \thanks command produces a footnote to the title.5 \title \title{text}B The \title command declares text to be the title. Use \\ to tell1 LaTeX where to start a new line in a long title.4 \pagenumbering \pagenumbering{num_style}C Specifies the style of page numbers. Possible values of num_style are: - arabic: Arabic numerals% - roman: Lowercase roman numerals% - Roman: Uppercase roman numerals - alph: Lowercase letters - Alph: Uppercase letters 4 \pagestyle \pagestyle {option}B The \pagestyle command changes the style from the current page on+ throughout the remainder of your document. The valid options are:& - plain: Just a plain page number.= - empty: Produces empty heads and feet - no page numbers.A - headings: Puts running headings on each page. The document/ style specifies what goes in the headings.C - myheadings: You specify what is to go in the heading with the* \markboth or the \markright commands.5 \mark; \markboth {left head} {right head} \markright {right head} C The \markboth and \markright commands are used in conjunction withD the page style myheadings for setting either both or just the rightC heading. In addition to their use with the myheadings page style,A you can use them to override the normal headings in the headingsE style, since LaTeX uses these same commands to generate those heads.B You should note that a left-hand heading is generated by the lastA \markboth command before the end of the page, while a right-handE heading is generated by the first \markboth or \markright that comesB on the page if there is one, otherwise by the last one before the page.4 \thispagestyle \thispagestyle {option}F The \thispagestyle command works in the same manner as the \pagestyleD command except that it changes the style for the current page only. 3 SectioningB Sectioning commands provide the means to structure your text into units. o \part! o \chapter (report style only) o \section o \subsection o \subsubsection o \paragraph o \subparagraph7 o \subsubparagraph (milstd and bookform styles only): o \subsubsubparagraph (milstd and bookform styles only)9 All sectioning commands take the same general form, e.g. \chapter [optional] {title}@ In addition to providing the heading in the text, the mandatoryC argument of the sectioning command can appear in two other places: 1. the table of contents, 2. the running head at the top of the pageD You may not want the same thing to appear in these other two places? as appears in the text heading. To handle this situation, theE sectioning commands have an optional argument that provides the text for these other two purposes.D The sectioning commands have *-forms that print a title, but do notD include a number and do not make an entry in the table of contents.D For example, the *-form of the \subsection command could look like:! \subsection*{Example subsection} 4 \appendix  \appendixD The \appendix command changes the way sectional units are numbered.@ The \appendix command generates no text and does not affect the numbering or parts.3 Spaces_and_Boxes 4 \addvspace \addvspace{length}@ The \addvspace command normally adds a vertical space of heigthB length. However, if vertical space has already been added to theE same point in the output by a previous \addvspace command, then this@ command will not add more space than needed to make the natural4 length of the total vertical space equal to length. 4 \bigskipC The \bigskip command is equivalent to \vspace{bigskipamount} where3 bigskipamount is determined by the document style. 4 \dotfillA The \dotfill command produces a rubber length that produces dots instead of just spaces.4 \fbox \fbox {text}C The \fbox command is exactly the same as the \mbox command, exceptD that it puts a frame around the outside of the box that it creates. 4 \framebox$ \framebox [width] [position] {text}C The \framebox command is exactly the same as the \makebox command,B except that it puts a frame around the outside of the box that it creates.A The framebox command produces a rule of thickness \fboxrule, andF leaves a space \fboxsep between the rule and the contents of the box.4 \hfillF The \hfill fill command produces a rubber length which can stretch or5 shrink horizontally. It will be filled with spaces. 4 \hrulefill? The \hrulefill fill command produces a rubber length which canE stretch or shrink horizontally. It will be filled with a horizontal rule. 4 \hspace \hspace[*]{length}D The \hspace command adds horizontal space. The length of the spaceD can be expressed in any terms that LaTeX understands, e.g. points,E inches, etc. You can add negative as well as positive space with an= \hspace command. Adding negative space is like backspacing.D LaTeX removes horizontal space that comes at the end of a line. IfB you don't want LaTeX to remove this space, include the optional *, argument. Then the space is never removed. 4 \makebox# \makebox [width] [position] {text}B The \makebox command creates a box to contain the text specified.B The width of the box is specified by the optional width argument.F The position of the text within the box is determined by the optional position argument. - c - centered (default) - l - flushleft - r - flushright4 \mbox \mbox {text}B The \mbox command creates a box just wide enough to hold the text created by its argument. 4 \medskipC The \medskip command is equivalent to \vspace{medskipamount} where3 medskipamount is determined by the document style. 4 \newsavebox \newsavebox{cmd}? Declares cmd, which must be a command name that is not already' defined, to be a bin for saving boxes. 4 \parbox" \parbox [position] {width} {text}E A parbox is a box whose contents are created in paragraph mode. The% \parbox has two mandatory arguments:3 1. width: specifies the width of the parbox, and1 2. text: the text that goes inside the parbox.D LaTeX will position a parbox so its center lines up with the centerD of the text line. An optional first argument, position, allows you8 to line up either the top or bottom line in the parbox.C A \parbox command is used for a parbox containing a small piece ofC text, with nothing fancy inside. In particular, you shouldn't useD any of the paragraph-making environments inside a \parbox argument.7 For larger pieces of text, including ones containing aE paragraph-making environment, you should use a minipage environment. 4 \raisebox: \raisebox {distance} [extend-above] [extend-below] {text}A The \raisebox command is used to raise or lower text. The firstC mandatory argument specifies how high the text is to be raised (orF lowered if it is a negative amount). The text itself is processed in LR mode.D Sometimes it's useful to make LaTeX think something has a different@ size than it really does - or a different size than LaTeX wouldF normally think it has. The \raisebox command lets you tell LaTeX how tall it is.F The first optional argument, extend-above, makes LaTeX think that theA text extends above the line by the amount specified. The secondA optional argument, extend-below, makes LaTeX think that the text0 extends below the line by the amount specified.4 \rule) \rule [raise-height] {width} {thickness}F The \rule command is used to produce horizontal lines. The arguments are defined as follows.C o raise-height: specifies how high to raise the rule (optional)9 o width: specifies the length of the rule (mandatory)@ o thickness: specifies the thickness of the rule (mandatory) 4 \savebox \sbox{cmd}[text] \savebox{cmd}[width][pos]{text}D These commands typeset text in a box just as for \mbox or \makebox.D However, instead of printing the resulting box, they save it in bin5 cmd, which must have been declared with \newsavebox. 4 \smallskip \smallskipA The \smallskip command is equivalent to \vspace{smallskipamount}; where smallskipamount is determined by the document style. 4 \usebox \usebox{cmd}E Prints the box most recently saved in bin cmd by a \savebox command.4 \vfillF The \vfill fill command produces a rubber length which can stretch or shrink vertically. 4 \vspace \vspace[*]{length}F The \vspace command adds vertical space. The length of the space can@ be expressed in any terms that LaTeX understands, e.g. points,E inches, etc. You can add negative as well as positive space with an \vspace command.F LaTeX removes vertical space that comes at the end of a page. If you> don't want LaTeX to remove this space, include the optional *, argument. Then the space is never removed.3 Special_CharactersE The following characters play a special role in LaT eX and are called; special printing characters, or simply special characters. # $ % & ~ _ ^ \ { }E Whenever you put one of these special characters into your file, youE are doing something special. If you simply want the character to be> printed just as any other letter, include a \ in front of the; character. For example, \$ will produce $ in your output.A The exception to the rule is the \ itself because \\ has its ownA special meaning. A \ is produced by typing $\backslash$ in your file.3 Splitting_the_InputC A large document requires a lot of input. Rather than putting theD whole input in a single large file, it's more efficient to split itF into several smaller ones. Regardless of how many separate files youF use, there is one that is the root file; it is the one whose name you type when you run LaTeX. 4 \include \include{file}B The \include command is used in conjunction with the \includeonlyD command for selective inlcusion of files. The file argument is theB first name of a file, denoting FILE.TEX. If file is one the fileE names in the file list of the \includeonly command or if there is no< \includeonly command, the \include command is equivalent to# \clearpage \input{file} \clearpage@ except that if the file FILE.TEX does not exist, then a warningE message rather than an error is produced. If the file is not in the= file list, the \include command is equivalent to \clearpage.E The \include command may not appear in the preamble or ina file read by another \include command.4 \includeonly \includeonly{file_list}D The \includeonly command controls which files will be read in by an7 \include command. It can only appear in the preamble.4 \input \input{file}< The \input command causes the indicated file to be read and? processed, exactly as if its contents had been inserted in theB current file at that point. The file name may be a complete fileA name with extension or just a first name, in which case the file FILE.TEX is used.3 Starting_and_EndingB Your input file must contain the following commands as a minimum. \documentstyle{style} \begin{document} ... your text goes here ... \end{document}A where the style selected is one the valid styles for LaTeX. See' Document_Styles within this help file.D You may include other LaTeX commands between the \documentstyle and the \begin{document} commands.3 Table_of_ContentsC A table of contents is produced with the \tableofcontents command.F You put the command right where you want the table of contents to go;E LaTeX does the rest for you. It produces a heading, but it does notB automatically start a new page. If you want a new page after the8 table of contents, include a \newpage command after the \tableofcontents command.@ There are similar commands \listoffigures and \listoftables for@ producing a list of figures and a list of tables, respectively.@ Everything works exactly the same as for the table of contents.E NOTE: If you want a any of these items to be generated, you can not, have the \nofiles command in your document.4 \addcontentsline( \addcontentsline{file}{sec_unit}{entry}D The \addcontentsline command adds an entry to the specified list or table whereD - file is the extension of the file on which information is to beE written: toc (table of contents), lof (list of figures), or lot (list of tables).E - sec_unit controls the formatting of the entry. It should be oneE of the following, depending upon the value of the file argument:> o toc: the name of the sectional unit, such as part or subsection. o lof: figure o lot: table$ - entry is the text of the entry.4 \addtocontents \addtocontents{file}{text}> The \addtocontents command adds text (or formatting commands)E directly to the file that generates the table of contents or list of figures or tables.D - file is the extension of the file on whcih information is to beE written: toc (table of contents), lof (list of figures), or lot (list of tables).+ - text is the information to be written.3 Terminal_Input_and_Output 4 \typeout \typeout{msg}F Prints msg on the terminal and in the log file. Commands in msg thatD are defined with \newcommand or \renewcommand are replaced by their" definitions before being printed.C LaTeX's usual rules f or treating multiple spaces as a single spaceA and ignoring spaces after a command name apply to msg. A \space4 command in msg causes a single space to be printed. 4 \typein \typein[cmd]{msg}E Prints msg on the terminal and causes LaTeX to stop and wait for youE to type a line of input, ending with return. If the cmd argument isD missing, the typed input is processed as if it had been included inE the input file in place of the \typein command. If the cmd argumentB is present, it must be a command name. This command name is then, defined or redefined to be the typed input. 3 TypefacesD The typeface is specified by giving the size and style. A typeface is also called a font.4 Styles: The following type style commands are supported by LaTeX. o \rm: Roman. o \it: Italics.2 o \em: Emphasis (toggles between \it and \rm). o \bf: Boldface. o \sl: Slanted. o \sf: Sans serif. o \sc: Small caps. o \tt: Typew"riter.4 Sizes9 The following type size commands are supported by LaTeX. o \tiny o \scriptsize o \footnotesize o \small o \normalsize (default) o \large o \Large (capital "l") o \LARGE (all caps) o \huge o \Huge (capital "h") 2 Parameters input-fileA The input file specification indicates the file to be formatted;C LaTeX uses TEX as a default file extension. If you omit the input4 file entirely, TeX accepts input from the terminal.B Output files are always created in the current directory; the DVID file has the file type DVI, and the log file has the file type LIS.D When you fail to specify an input file name, LaTeX bases the output( names on the document style you select. 2 Qualifiers /BATCH@ Set batch mode -- no interaction on errors and no output to theC terminal. Normally, LaTeX is set up for interactive use; it stopsE when it encounters an error and allows you to correct it, and prints? status and diagnostic information at the terminal. The /BATCHD setting is preferred for batch use; LaTeX will barrel on through asD though you had specified `BATCHMODE' in the input file or typed `Q'( in response to the first error message.ww @//1 SliTeXF SliTeX is a version of LaTeX designed for making color slides, thoughE you can use it for black-and-white slides as well. You don't need a; special printer to make color slides; SliTeX uses the sameC black-and-white printer as LaTeX. You get color slides by copying- SliTeX's output onto colored transparencies. 2 Root_FileF SliTeX is a separate program that you run the same way you run LaTeX,C giving it the first name of an input file whose file type is .tex.C This file is called the root file. For example, myfile.tex. This@ file starts out with the customary \documentstyle command. TheD standard document style for making slides is slides so your file is likely to begin \documentstyle{slides}C The commands are followed by any declarations that you may want to8 make, followed in turn by the \begin{document} command.D Any text that comes after the \begin{document} is treated as "front@ matter" and not as slide material. Y ou can use it for notes to identify the slides.D For SliTeX to produce color slides, you have to tell it what colors@ you will be using. This is done with the \colors command. The command \colors{red,black,blue}F states that you will be using three colors, which you have named red,A black, and blue. SliTeX knows nothing about real colors, so youB could just as well have called your three colors puce, mauve, andD fred. If you're making only black-and-white slides, then you don't need a \colors command.A The text of your slides is contained not in myfile.tex, but in aE separate slide file. This file can have any name that ends in .tex;@ for example, myslid.tex. What goes into the file myslid.tex isC explained under Slide_File for this topic. Black-and-white slidesA are generated by placing the following command in the root file: \blackandwhite{myslid}* Color slides are generated by the command \colorslides{myslid}B The \colorslides command generates a set of color layer pages for? each color specified by the \colors command. For example, the command \colors{red,black,blue}C causes a subsequent \colorslides command to generate first all theD red color-layer pages, then the black ones, and then the blue ones.> As usual, your root file ends with an \end{document} command. 2 Slide_FileC The main purpose of the root file is to tell SliTeX what colors toC use and where to find the slide file, so the root file tends to beF pretty short. It's the slide file that actually makes the individual slides.3 SlidesE Each slide is produced by a slide environment. This environment hasF a single argument, which is a list of all the colors contained on theA slide. For example, a slide that has the colors red and blue is created by an environment \begin{slide}{red,blue} ... \end{slide}@ The colors in the argument must have been declared by a \colorsB command in the root file. They tell SliTeX which color layers toB produce for this particular slide. If there is green text in theD slide, that text will appear in the black-and-white version, but noD green color layer will be generated unless green is included in the@ slide environment's argument. If you want only black-and-white* slides, then you can use a null argument: \begin{slide}{} ...B The text that appears on a slide is produced using ordinary LaTeX@ commands. You can use any commands that make sense for slides.C Commands that don't make sense include sectioning commands, figureE and table environments, indexing commands, commands for generating aD bibliography, and page-breaking commands. The latter make no senseF in a slide because each slide must fit on a single page. You can use> an \input command, but not an \include command. Commands forF producing only some of the slides in your slide file are described in& Making_Some_Slides within this topic.E There are two major differences between the text generated by SliTeXB and that generated by LaTeX. First of all, text is automaticallyB centered vertically on the slide. Secondly, and most noticeable,C SliTeX uses a set of type faces especially chosen for slides. TheD characters in these type faces are much larger than the ones in the? corresponding LaTeX type faces. SliTeX's \normalsize producesD roughly the same size characters as LaTeX's \LARGE. Also, SliTeX'sB ordin ary Roman type style is similar to LaTeX's sans serif style.B Besides Roman, the only other type styles generally available are0 italic (\it), bold (\bf), and typewriter (\tt).A The only commands you need inside a slide that aren't present inE ordinary LaTeX input are ones to tell SliTeX what color the text is.C The \colors command in your root file defines the declarations for@ doing this. For example, if the root file contains the command: \colors{red,black,blue}, then \red, \black, and \blue areD declarations that specify the color. They work just like any other9 declaration, such as \bf, having the same scoping rules.4 A color declaration does not affect the type style.E Text in which there is no color declaration in effect appears on all> color layers. For example, if you make no color declarationsE anywhere in your slide file, then all color layers will be identicalC to the black and white versions. Note that color declarations are undefined in the root file.D The command \invisible is a special color declaration for invisibleC text. Invisible text is not only colorless, appearing in no colorB layer, but does not appear in the black-and-white version either.. The use of invisible text is explained below.C WARNING: Don't use a color declaration or an invisible command in math mode. 3 OverlaysE The overlay environment is exactly the same as the slide environmentB except for how the page is numbered. The first overlay followingF sli de number 9 is numbered "9a", the second one is numbered "9b", andC so forth. To make an overlay that perfectly overlays a slide, theF slide and the overlay should be absolutely identical except that text1 visible in one should be invisible in the other.3 Notes@ It is sometimes convenient to put notes to yourself in with theD slides. The note environment produces a one-page note that appears@ only in the black-and-white versions of the slides. Notes that7 follow slide number 9 are numbered "9-1", "9-2"", etc. For example, \begin{note}( This is the note for the current slide. etc. \end{note}2 Making_Some_SlidesE For making corrections, it's handy to be able to produce a subset of& the slides in your file. The command \onlyslides{4,7-13,23}= in the root file will cause the following \blackandwhite and? \colorslides commands to generate only slides numbered 4, 7-13F (inclusive) and 23, plus all of their overlays. The slide numbers inE t he argument must be in ascending order, and can include nonexistent# slides---for example, you can type \onlyslides{10-9999}? to produce all but the first nine slides. The argument of the' \onlyslides command must be non-empty.F There is also an analogous \onlynotes command to generate a subset ofF the notes. Notes numbered 11-1, 11-2, etc. will all be generated by> specifying page 11 in the argument of the \onlynotes command.D If your input has an \onlyslides command and no \onlynotes command,F then notes will be produced for the specified slides. If there is anE \onlynotes command but no \onlyslide command, then no slides will beC produced. Including both an \onlyslides and an \onlynotes commandC has the expected effect of producing only the specified slides and notes.ww @/ 1 RNOTOTEX5 $ RNOTOTEX[ /qualifier] RNO-FILE-SPEC TEX-FILE-SPECH Reads a Digital Standard Runoff format file and creates the LaTeX equivalent. 2 Parameters RNO-FILE-SPEC H ... is the name of the input DSR format file. The default type is .RNO. TEX-FILE-SPECH ... is the name of the output TEX file spec. The default type is .TEX.2 Command-Qualifiers/TEX /TEX H Preserve embedded TeX and LaTeX commands in the input DSR file. AnyH commands found are copied directly to the output .TEX file. The default is /NOTEX. 2 ExampleH The following DCL commands convert the DSR file FOO.RNO to FOO.TEX andH prints the LN3 file on the LN03. The log of the conversion is also printed and deleted. $ RNOTOTEX FOO.RNO FOO.TEX $ LATEX/BATCH FOO.TEX $ DVI2LN3 FOO.DVI $ PRINT/FORM=TEX FOO.LN3 $ PRINT/DELETE RNOTOTEX.LOGH Note that there isn't a o ne-to-one mapping of DSR commands toH LaTeX commands and that more LaTeX text fits on a page than a RUNOFFH file. The first output may be messy! The output .TEX file must beH edited after examining the first printing. It may take a few tries to get the output that you want.H The program was designed for those familiar with both LaTeX and@ DSR and would like to upgrade older documents to LaTeX format.ww@i/1 BIBTEXF Invokes the BibTeX utility to compile a bibliography file forF LaTeX. Full details can be found in "LaTeX: A Document Preparation System" by Leslie Lamport. Format:! BIBTEX bibliography_file_specF Documentation for BibTeX can be found in TEX_DISK:[TEX.BIBTEX]. TheF vast majority of this help entry was taken from the original BibTeXF documentation. This documentation has since become Appendix B of) "LaTeX: A Document Preparation S ystem". 2 Parametersbibliography_file_specF Specifies the name of the bibliography database file to be compiledF by BibTeX. If the file specification does not include a file type,& BibTeX assumes a default type of BIB.2 Bibliography_fileF A bibliography database file may contains two types of entry - an; abbreviation definition or a reference entry for citation.3 @STRING_commandF The @STRING command is used to define abbreviations for use by; BibTeX within the bibli ography database file. The command9 @string{jgg1 = "Journal of Gnats and Gnus, Series~1"}F defines 'jgg1' to be the abbreviation for the string "Journal ofF Gnats and Gnus, Series~1". Parentheses can be used in place of theF outermost braces in the @string command, and braces can be usedE instead of the quotation marks. The text must have matching braces.F The case of letters is ignored in an abbreviation as well as in theD command name @string, so the command abov e could have been written:9 @STRING{JgG1 = "Journal of Gnats and Gnus, Series~1"}F A @string command can appear anywhere before or between entries in aF bibliography database file. However, it must come before any use ofF the abbreviation, so a sensible place for @string commands is at theF beginning of the file. A @string command in the bibliographyF database file takes precedence over a definition made by theF bibliography style, so it can be used to change the definition of an abbreviation such as 'Feb'.3 Entry_formatF A bibliography database file contains a series of reference entries like the following: @BOOK{kn:gnus,) AUTHOR = "Donald E. Knudson",/ TITLE = "1966 World Gnus Almanac",+ PUBLISHER = {Permafrost Press},1 ADDRESS = {Novisibirsk} }F The @BOOK states that this is an entry of type book. various entryF types are described below. The 'kn:gnus' is t he citation key, as itC appears in the argument of a \cite command referring to the entry.F This entry has four fields, named AUTHOR, TITLE, PUBLISHER andF ADDRESS. The meanings of these and other fields are described below.F A field consists of the name, an '=' character with optional spaceF around it, followed by its text. The text of a field is a string ofF characters, with no unmatched braces, surrounded by either a pair ofF braces or a pair of '"' characters . Entry field s are separated fromF one another, and from the citation key, by commas. A comma may have optional space around it.F The outermost braces that surround the entire entry may be replacedF by parentheses. As in TeX input files, an end-of-line characterF counts as a space and one space is equivalent to many spaces. UnlikeF TeX, BibTeX ignores the case of letters in the entry type, citationF key and field names. The above entry could have been typed as follows:5 @BOOK(kn:gnus, author = {Donald E. Knudson},2 TITLE = "1966 World Gnus 1 Almanac",+ PUBLISHER = {Permafrost Press},1 ADDRESS = {Novisibirsk} )F However, the case of letters does matter to LaTeX, so the citationF key should appear exactly the same in all \cite commands in the LaTeX input file.F The quotes or braces can be omitted around text consisting entirely7 of numerals. the fol lowing two fields are equivalent:3 Volume = "27" Volume = 27 3 Entry_typesF When entering a reference in the bibliography database, the firstF thing to decide is what type of entry it is. No fixed classificationF scheme can be complete, but BibTeX provides enough entry types to- handle almost any reference reasonably well.F References to different types of publications contain differentF information; a reference to a journal might include the volume andF number of the journal, which is usually not meaningful for a book.F Therefore, database entries of different types have different fields.@ for each entry type, the fields are divided into three classes: o Required@ omitting the field will produce an error message and may? result in a badly formatted bibliography entry. If the > required information is not meaningful, you are using  the wrong entry type.  o Optional @ the field's in formation will be used if present, but can> be omitted without causing any formatting problems. A @ reference should contain any available information that B might help the reader, so you should include the optional # field if it is applicable.  o Ignored ? the field is ignored. BibTeX ignores any field that is @ not required or optional, so you can include any fields A you want in a bibliography entry. It's often a good idea A to put all relevant information about a reference in its < bibliography entry - even information that may never@ appear in the bibliography. For example, if you want to B keep an abstract of a paper in a computer file, put it in ? an 'abstract' field in the paper's bibliography entry. A The bibliography database file is likely to be as good a = place as any for the abstract, and it is possible to 9 design a bibliography style for printing sel ected abstracts. 4 article_entry, An article from a journal or magazine.( Format: @ARTICLE{citation_key,= required_fields [, optional_fields] }/ Required fields: author, title, journal, year: Optional fields: volume, number, pages, month, note, key 4 book_entry( A book with an explicit publisher.% Format: @BOOK{citation_key,= required_fields [, optional_fields] }; Required fields: author or  editor, title, publisher, yearE Optional fields: volume, series, address, edition, month, note, key4 booklet_entryF A work that is printed and bound, but without a named publisher or sponsoring institution.( Format: @BOOKLET{citation_key,= required_fields [, optional_fields] } Required fields: titleF Optional fields: author, howpublished, address, month, year, note, key4 conference_entryF An article in the proceedings of a confe rence. This entry isF identical to the 'inproceedings' entry and is included for3 compatibility with another text formatting system.+ Format: @CONFERENCE{citation_key,= required_fields [, optional_fields] }1 Required fields: author, title, booktitle, yearF Optional fields: editor, pages, organization, publisher, address, month, note, key4 inbook_entryF A part of a book, which may be a chapter and/or a range of pages. ' Format: @INBOOK{citation_key,= required_fields [, optional_fields] }F Required fields: author or editor, title, chapter and/or pages, publisher, yearE Optional fields: volume, series, address, edition, month, note, key4 incollection_entry* A part of a book with its own title.- Format: @INCOLLECTION{citation_key,= required_fields [, optional_fields] }1 Required fields: author, title, booktitle, year F Optional fields: editor, pages, organization, publisher, address, month, note, key4 inproceedings_entry4 An article in the proceedings of a conference.. Format: @INPROCEEDINGS{citation_key,= required_fields [, optional_fields] }1 Required fields: author, title, booktitle, yearF Optional fields: editor, pages, organization, publisher, address, month, note, key4 manual_entry Technical documentation.' Format: @MANUAL{citation_key,= required_fields [, optional_fields] } Required fields: titleF Optional fields: author, organization, address, edition, month, year, note, key4 mastersthesis_entry A Master's thesis.. Format: @MASTERSTHESIS{citation_key,= required_fields [, optional_fields] }. Required fields: author, title, school, year, Optional fields: address, month, note, key 4 misc_entry8 Use this type when nothing else seems appropriate.% Format: @MISC{citation_key,= required_fields [, optional_fields] } Required fields: noneF Optional fields: author, title, howpublished, month, year, note, key4 phdthesis_entry A PhD thesis.* Format: @PHDTHESIS{citation_key,= required_fields [, optional_fields] }. Required fields: author, title, school, year, Optional fields: address, month, note, key4 proceedings_entry&  The proceedings of a conference., Format: @PROCEEDINGS{citation_key,= required_fields [, optional_fields] } Required fields: title, yearF Optional fields: editor, publisher, organization, address, month, note, key4 techreport_entryF A report published by a school or other institution, usually numbered within a series.+ Format: @TECHREPORT{citation_key,= required_fields [, optional_fields] }3 Required fields: author, title, institution, year: Optional fields: type, number, address, month, note, key4 unpublished_entryF A document with an author and title, but not formally published., Format: @UNPUBLISHED{citation_key,> required_fields [, optional_fields] } & Required fields: author, title, note# Optional fields: month, year, key 3 Field_textF The text of the field is enclosed in braces or double quote F characters. A part of the text is said to be enclosed in braces ifF it lies inside a matching pair of braces other than the ones5 enclosing the entire entry or the entire field text.4 NamesF The text of an author or editor field represents a list ofF names. The bibliography style determines the format in which theF name is printed: whether the first name or last name appears first,F if the full first name or just the first initial is used, etc. The> bibli ography file entry simply tells BibTeX what the name is.F You should type an author's complete name and let the bibliographyF style decide what to abbreviate. (But an author's complete name mayF be "Donald~E. Knuth" or even "J.~P.~Morgan"; you should type it the: way the author would like it to appear, if that's known.)F Most names can be entered in the obvious way, either with or without' a comma, as in the following examples.3 "John Paul Jones" "Jones, John Paul" 8 "Ludwig von Beethoven" "von Beethoven, Ludwig"F Some people have multiple last names - for example, Per BrinchF Hansen's last name is Brinch~Hansen. His name should be typed with a comma: "Brinch Hansen, Per"F To understand why, you must understand how BibTeX handles names (for1 what follows, a "name" corresponds to a person).F Each name consists of four parts: First, von, Last, and~Jr; eachF part consists of a (possibly empty) list of name-tokens.  For exampleF the First part of Per Brinch~Hansen's name has the single tokenF "Per"; the Last part has two, "Brinch" and "Hansen"; and the von and& Jr parts are empty. If you had typed "Per Brinch Hansen"F instead, BibTeX would erroneously think "Brinch" were a First-partB token, just as "Paul" is a First-part token in "John~Paul Jones". Here's another example:9 "Charles Louis Xavier Joseph de la Vallee Poussin"F This name has four tokens in the First part, two in the von, and twoF in the Last. Here BibTeX knows where one part ends and the otherF begins because the tokens in the von part begin with lower-case letters.F If you want BibTeX to consider something a single token, enclose itF in braces. You should do this, for example, if a comma is part of a name:! "{Barnes and Noble, Inc.}"# "{Barnes and} {Noble, Inc.}"' "{Barnes} {and} {Noble,} {Inc.}"F The braces surrounding the comma keep "Inc." fr om being interpretedF as a First token; this name has only a Last part, with either one,F two, or four tokens (there must be a space separating the tokens inF the second and third forms). Probably the second form is slightlyF more meaningful, but don't lose sleep over this since only rarely, will an institution be an author or editor. So the two names: "von Beethoven, Ludwig" "{von Beethoven}, Ludwig"F are considered by BibTeX to be different names. In the first,F "Beethoven" is the Last part and "von" is the von part; in theF second, which in this case happens to be incorrect, the Last part hasF a single token and there's no von part. The bibliography style willF probably print both the same, but it may alphabetize and label them differently.F "Juniors" pose a special problem. Most people having "Jr." in theirF name precede it with a comma. Such a name should be entered as follows: "Ford, Jr., Henry"F However, a few people do not use a comma. They are handled by9 considering the "Jr." to be part of the last Last token:9 "{Steele Jr.}, Guy L." "Guy L. {Steele Jr.}" This name has no Jr part.9 To summarize, you may type a name in one of three forms: "First von Last" "von Last, First" "von Last, Jr, First"F You may almost always use the first form; you shouldn't if eitherF there's a Jr part or the Last part has multiple tokens but ther e's no von part.F If there are multiple authors or editors, their names must beF separated by the word "and", surrounded by spaces, not enclosed in braces:? AUTHOR = "Ralph Alpher and Bethe, Hans and George Gamow"F Since BibTeX interprets commas as separating parts of a name andF "and" as separating names themselves, this example has threeF coauthors: Ralph Alpher, Hans Bethe, and George Gamow. If the wordF "and" appears as part of a name, it must be  enclosed in braces, as inF the example of "Barnes and Noble,~Inc." given above. If you have tooF many names to list in a field, you can end the list with "and> others"; the standard styles appropriately append an "et al."F BibTeX's rules are actually a bit more complicated than indicated8 here, but this description will suffice for most names.4 TitlesF The bibliography style determines whether or not a title isF capitalized; the titles of books usually are, the tit le of articlesF usually are not. You type a title the way it should appear if it isF capitalized (you should capitalize everything but articles andF unstressed conjunctions and prepositions, and even these should be; capitalized as the first word or the first after a colon):, TITLE = "The Agony and the Ecstasy"F BibTeX will change uppercase letters to lowercase if appropriate.F Uppercase letters that should not be changed are enclosed in braces.F The following two titles are equivalent; the "A" of "Africa" will not be made lowercase.' "The Gnats and Gnus of {Africa}"' "The Gnats and Gnus of {A}frica"4 AbbreviationsF Instead of an ordinary text string, the text of a field can beF replaced by an abbreviation for it. An abbreviation is a string ofF characters that starts with a letter and does not contain a space or% any of the following ten characters:4 " # % ' ( ) , = { }F The abbreviation is typed in place of the text field, with no braces6 or quotation marks. If 'jgg1' is an abbreviation for+ Journal of Gnats and Gnus, Series~1# then the following are equivalent: JOURNAL = jgg17 JOURNAL = "Journal of Gnats and Gnus, Series~1"F Some abbreviations are predefined by the bibliography style. TheseF always include the usual 3 letter abbreviations for the month: jan, feb, mar etc.F Bibliography styles usually contain abbreviations for  the names ofF commonly referenced journals. Consult the Local Guide for a list ofD the predefined abbreviations for the bibliography styles available.F You can define your own abbreviations by using BibTeX's @STRING command. 3 Field_typesF Below is a list of all fields recognized by the standardF bibliography styles. An entry can also contain other fields, which are ignored by those styles.4 address_fieldF Publisher's address. For major publishing h ouses, just the cityF is given. For small publishers, you can help the reader by giving the complete address.% Format: ADDRESS = field_text4 annote_fieldF An annotation, used only for annotated bibliography styles) (which are not among the standard ones).$ Format: ANNOTE = field_text4 author_field# The name(s) of the author(s).$ Format: AUTHOR = field_text4 booktitle_field4 Title of a book, part of which is being cited.' For!mat: BOOKTITLE = field_text4 chapter_field A chapter number.% Format: CHAPTER = field_text4 edition_field4 The edition of a book - for example, "second".% Format: EDITION = field_text4 editor_fieldF Name(s) of editor(s). If there is also an "author" field, thenF the "editor" field gives the editor of the book or collection in which the reference appears.$ Format: EDITOR = field_text4 howpublished_field/ How some"thing strange has been published.* Format: HOWPUBLISHED = field_text4 institution_field. The institution that published the work.) Format: INSTITUTION = field_text4 journal_fieldF A journal name. Abbreviations are provided for many journals; see the Local Guide.% Format: JOURNAL = field_text 4 key_fieldF Used for alphabetizing and creating a label when the "author"F and "editor" fields are missing. This field should not be conf#usedF with the citation key that appears in the \cite command and at the beginning of the entry.! Format: KEY = field_text 4 month_fieldF The month in which the work was published or, for an unpublished work, in which it was written.# Format: MONTH = field_text 4 note_field: Any additional information that can help the reader." Format: NOTE = field_text4 number_fieldF The number of a journal, magazine, or technical report. AnF i $ssue of a journal or magazine is usually identified by its volumeF and number; the organization that issues a technical report usually gives it a number.$ Format: NUMBER = field_text4 organization_field/ The organization sponsoring a conference.* Format: ORGANIZATION = field_text 4 pages_fieldF A page number or range of numbers such as "42--111"; you mayF also have several of these, separating them with commas:F "7,41,73--97". The sta%ndard styles convert a single dash to a double.# Format: PAGES = field_text4 publisher_field The publisher's name.' Format: PUBLISHER = field_text4 school_field8 The name of the school where a thesis was written.$ Format: SCHOOL = field_text4 series_fieldF The name of a series or set of books. When citing an entireF book, the the "title" field gives its title and an optional "series"A field gives the name of a series in whi&ch the book is published.$ Format: SERIES = field_text 4 title_field The work's title.# Format: TITLE = field_text 4 type_fieldD The type of a technical report - for example, "Research Note"." Format: TYPE = field_text4 volume_field7 The volume of a journal or multivolume book work.$ Format: VOLUME = field_text 4 year_fieldF The year of publication or, for an unpublished work, the year it> was written. This field's text s'hould contain only numerals." Format: YEAR = field_textww`劫/1 CP* CP is a form of the Unix CP command.7 Source code for CP can be found in TEX_DISK:[TEX.DVI].ww`劫/ 1 CRUDETYPEF CRUDEtype was originally based on D.E.Knuth's program DVItype,F but so many changes were needed for various reasons that there isF hardly any of the original code left. The purpose of this program isF to provide a framework for users to write Te (X device drivers for aF variety of `crude' devices. Roughly speaking, `crude' means anyF printer that cannot print the fonts that METAFONT generates. This@ would include daisy-wheels and most impact dot-matrix printers.F Source code and documentation for CRUDEtype can be found in TEX_DISK:[TEX.SCREENVIEW].ww`劫/ 1 DirectoriesF There is one help topic for each subdirectory underA TEX_DISK:[TEX], the root directory for the DECUS TeX Co)llection.2 AMSTEXF TEX_DISK:[TEX.AMSTEX] contains sources for AMSTEX, the AmericanF Mathematical Society's macro package for TeX. The book "The Joy of TeX" describes AMSTEX.2 BIBTEXF TEX_DISK:[TEX.BIBTEX] contains sources and documentation for! BibTeX version 998c for VAX/VMS.2 CMF TEX_DISK:[TEX.CM] contains METAFONT sources used to generate( Computer Modern fonts for use with TeX.2 DOCA TEX_DISK:[TEX.DOC] contains documentation for various items *3 DVIF General documentation for the DVI programs is inF TEX_DISK:[TEX.DVI.DOC] and TEX_DISK:[TEX.DOC.DVI]. The same files% can be found in both subdirectories.3 HELP VMS-style HELP files.3 TEXF Manuals for TeX, METAFONT and WEB, and the TRIP and TRAP testF packages. Errata lists for the Computers & Typesetting books. BugF lists for TeX and METAFONT. An example WEB program in PRIMES.*. VMSF command procedures to create Tex font distribution+ tapes in GF*.CMD.F TeX macros for "Concrete Mathematics" in GKPMAC.TEX. Documents about TeX on VAX/VMS, TOPS20 and MVS.3 TEXSISF Documentation for TeXsis, a TeX macro package for Physics papers. See TEXSIS.2 DOSF TEX_DISK:[TEX.DOS] contains archives of TeX, previewers, andF fonts for DOS can be found in the directory TEX_DISK:[TEX.DOS] along: with PKXARC.COM, the de-ARCing program for the ARC files.2 DVIF TEX_DISK:[TEX.DVI] contains Nelson Beebe ,'s DVI DriverF collection. General documentation for the DVI programs is inF TEX_DISK:[TEX.DVI.DOC] and TEX_DISK:[TEX.DOC.DVI]. The same files% can be found in both subdirectories. 2 DVI2LN3F TEX_DISK:[TEX.DVI2LN3] contains DVI2LN3, a program to convert8 DVI files to the format needed by the DEC LN03 printer. 2 DVI2TTY? TEX_DISK:[TEX.DVI2TTY] contains a DVI to Ascii converter.2 DVIDISA TEX_DISK:[TEX.DVIDIS] contains a previewer for VAXStations.2 DV-IDVIF TEX_DISK:[TEX.DVIDVI] contains a program that allows you to modify a DVI file.2 DVIOUTF TEX_DISK:[TEX.DVIOUT] contains a program for converting DVI for various devices.2 DVIPSCF TEX_DISK:[TEX.DVIPSC] contains a port of DVI2PS (DVI to Postscript) for VMS. 2 DVITOLN03F TEX_DISK:[TEX.DVITOLN03] contains a program to convert DVI filesF to the format needed by DEC LN03 printers. Reads PK or PXL fonts. Uses 256 Character sets. 2 DVITOVDUF . TEX_DISK:[TEX.DVITOVDU] contains DVItoVDU, an interactiveF previewer that allows you to look at TeX-generated DVI files on aF variety of commonly available Video Display Units. The "DVItoVDUF User Guide" in TEX_DISK:[TEX.DVITOVDU]USERGUIDE.TEX describes the program. 2 EXAMPLESC TEX_DISK:[TEX.EXAMPLES] contains some TeX and LaTeX examples.2 EXEF TEX_DISK:[TEX.EXE] contains executable images and command procedures.2 FONTS* TEX_DISK:[TEX. /FONTS] contains fonts. 2 FORMATSF TEX_DISK:[TEX.FORMATS] contains TeX Format files, METAFONT baseF files and string pool files. A TeX format is a set of definitionsF that extend and modify TeX. Plain TeX is the standard formatF represented by the PLAIN.FMT format file. PLAIN.BAS is a similar file for METAFONT. 2 HALFTONEF TEX_DISK:[TEX.HALFTONE] contains subroutines for injecting$ halftone images into TeX documents.2 IDXTEXF TEX_DISK:[TEX.IDXTEX] 0contains sources for IdxTeX, a program to process LaTeX .IDX files. 2 IDX_GLOF TEX_DISK:[TEX.IDX_GLO] contains an index builder and a glossary3 builder for LaTeX. See also IDXTEX and MAKEINDEX.2 INPUTSF TEX_DISK:[TEX.INPUTS] contains TeX input files and LaTeX style files.2 LATEX@ TEX_DISK:[TEX.LATEX] contains LaTeX macro package sources.2 LSEDITF TEX_DISK:[TEX.LSEDIT] contains a template for LaTeX for the VMS Language Sensitive Editor.2 MACF TE1X_DISK:[TEX.MAC] contains OZTeX (TeX for the Macintosh) and a previewer.2 MAKEF TEX_DISK:[TEX.MAKE] contains a VMS Make needed to rebuild Beebe DVI Collection. 2 MAKEINDEXF TEX_DISK:[TEX.MAKEINDEX] contains an index builder for LaTeX. See also IDXTEX and MAKEINDEX.2 MF; TEX_DISK:[TEX.MF] contains METAFONT sources and tools 2 PICMODE> TEX_DISK:[TEX.PICMODE] contains a picture making system.2 PICTEX4 TEX_DISK:[TEX.PICTEX] contains PiCTeX sources. 2 2PSLATEXF TEX_DISK:[TEX.PSLATEX] contains a LaTeX implementation" especially for Postscript output. 2 PSPRINTF TEX_DISK:[TEX.PSPRINT] contains a program that creates* postscript outputs of regular text files. 2 RNOTOTEXC TEX_DISK:[TEX.RNOTOTEX] contains a RUNOFF to LaTeX converter. 2 SCREENVIEWF TEX_DISK:[TEX.SCREENVIEW] contains programs to view DVI files on your screen. 2 SOURCESF TEX_DISK:[TEX.SOURCES] contains sources for TeX, Web, T3angle, etc.2 SPELLF TEX_DISK:[TEX.SPELL] contains sources and dictionary files for SPELL.2 TESTF TEX_DISK:[TEX.TEST] contains TRIP and TRAP. TRIP is anF exhaustive test file for TeX. TRAP is an exhaustive test file forF METAFONT. Documentation for TRIP and TRAP can be found in TEX_DISK:[TEX.DOC.TEX].2 TEXSIS( TEX_DISK:[TEX.TEXSIS] contains ???2 TEXTYLF TEX_DISK:[TEX.TEXTYL] contains another Graphics in TeX utility. See also PicT 4eX. 2 TEX_EDITORF TEX_DISK:[TEX.TEX_EDITOR] contains a version of TeX that allowsF you to jump into an editor on an error. Change files for Adrian! Clark's Editor interface to TeX.2 TEX_PS_STUFFF TEX_DISK:[TEX.TEX_PS_STUFF] contains material to set up PSLATEX& for VMS and. for a PRINT/DVI command2 TGRINDF TEX_DISK:[TEX.TGRIND] contains TGRIND, a program that converts source files to TeX input.2 TR2TEX> TEX_DISK:[TEX.TR2TEX] contains a Troff to TeX conv5erter. 2 TUGBOATF TEX_DISK:[TEX.TUGBOAT] contains various files from TUGBOAT, the TeX User group newsletter.2 UNIXF TEX_DISK:[TEX.UNIX] contains UNIX materials in compressed tar files. 2 UNIX_TOOLSF TEX_DISK:[TEX.UNIX_TOOLS] contains tools for reading ARC, TAR and compressed files. 2 WEB_PACKE TEX_DISK:[TEX.WEB_PACK] contains Web utilities, including MWEB.2 XDVID TEX_DISK:[TEX.XDVI] contains XDVI, a previewer for DECwindows.ww /6 1 DVI2LN3F DVI2LN3 converts DVI files to the format needed by the DEC LN03F printer. Source and documentation for DVI2LN3 can be found in TEX_DISK:[TEX.DVI2LN3].ww@/ 1 DVI2LNG& Some special version of DVItype.ww@/ 1 DVI2TTYF Dvi2tty does a fair job of producing a rough draft copies of TeXF documents. Crudetype does a somewhat better job, particularly withF regards to font changes and spacing. Both are useful for crea7tingF ASCII text files for things like on-line documentation files for dumbF terminals and lineprinters. Source and documentation for DVI2TTY can$ be found in TEX_DISK:[TEX.DVI2TTY].ww@/1 DVIALWF DVIALW is a program that converts DVI files to the format needed5 by the Apple LaserWriter laser printer (Postscript).ww-/1 DVIBITF DVIBIT is a program that converts DVI files to the format needed+ by the version 3.10 BBN BitGraph terminal.ww8-/1 DVICANF DVICAN is a program that converts DVI files to the format needed% by the Canon LBP-8 A2 laser printer.ww-/1 DVIE72F DVIE72 is a program that converts DVI files to the format needed# by Epson 60/72-dpi 9-pin printers.; Source code for DVIE72 can be found in TEX_DISK:[TEX.DVI].ww/1 DVIEPSF DVIEPS is a program that converts DVI files to the format needed% by Epson 240/216-dpi 9-pin printers.; Source 9code for DVIEPS can be found in TEX_DISK:[TEX.DVI].ww/1 DVIGDF DGIGD is a program that converts DVI files to the format needed- by the Golden Dawn Golden Laser 100 printer.ww/1 DVIIMPF DVIIMP is a program that converts DVI files to the format needed5 by the Imagen imPRESS-language laser printer family.ww ;/1 DVIJEPF DVIJEP is a program that converts DVI files to the format needed4 by the Hewlett-Packard LaserJ:et Plus laser printer.ww ;/1 DVIJETF DVIJET is a program that converts DVI files to the format needed/ by the Hewlett-Packard LaserJet laser printer.ww ;/1 DVIL3PF DVIL3P is a program that converts DVI files to the format needed$ by the DEC LN03 Plus laser printer.ww/1 DVIL75F DVIL75 is a program that converts DVI files to the format needed! by the DEC LA75 144 dpi printer.ww/1 DVIM72F ;DVIM72 is a program that converts DVI files to the format needed) by the Apple Imagewriter 72 dpi printer.ww/1 DVIMACF DVIMAC is a program that converts DVI files to the format needed* by the Apple Imagewriter 144 dpi printer.ww`H/1 DVIMPIF DVIMPI is a program that converts DVI files to the format needed$ by the MPI Sprinter 72 dpi printer.wwb/1 DVIO72F DVIO72 is a program that converts DVI files to the format need<ed- by the OKIDATA Pacemark 2410 72 dpi printer.wwb/1 DVIOKIF DVIOKI is a program that converts DVI files to the format needed. by the OKIDATA Pacemark 2410 144 dpi printer.ww/1 DVIPRXF DVIPRX is a program that converts DVI files to the format needed) by the Printronix 60h x 72v dpi printer.ww/1 DVITOSF DVITOS is a program that converts DVI files to the format needed' by the Toshiba P-1351 180 dpi printer.w=w/ 1 DVITYPEF DVItype is a program that converts DVI files into human-readable ASCII files.ww p/ 1 ECHOALLF ECHOALL is a form of the Unix "echo" command. Source code for, ECHOALL can be found in TEX_DISK:[TEX.DVI].ww /1 TeX_File_types: .AUX cross-reference written by LaTeX, read by BibTeXB .BAS base file written by INIMF, read by METAFONT. See INIMF. .DVI written by TeX, read by DVI programs< .DVI-xx wr >itten by DVI program DVIxx, sent to print deviceA .FMT format file written by INITEX, read by TeX. See INITEXG .GF font file written by METAFONT, read by GFtoPK or DVI programsC .IDX index file written by LaTeX, read by IdxTeX. See Indexers- .LIS log file written by TeX or METAFONT0 .LTX written by text editors, read by LaTeX3 .MF written by text editors, read by METAFONTE .PK font file written by GFtoPK or PXtoPK, read by DVI programsD .PL property l ?ist file written by text editors, read by PLtoTF< .PXL font file written by GFtoPXL, read by DVI programs7 .TEX written by text editors, read by TeX or LaTeXI .TFM TeX font metric file written by METAFONT or PLtoTF, read by TeX@ .TOC table-of-contents file written by LaTeX, read by LaTeXC .VF virtual font file written by VPtoVF, read by DVI programsG .VPL virtual property list file written by text editors or VFtoVP, read by VPtoVFww@/@1 FFEF ??? unknown program that says "special font editor 1.31" when run.ww/ 1 GFTODVIF GFtoDVI converts GF files produced by METAFONT into DVI filesF for printing. Source code and documentation for GFtoDVI can be foundF in TEX_DISK:[TEX.MF]. Additional documentation for GFtoDVI can be' found in Donald Knuth's "The TeXbook".ww/1 GFTOPKF GFtoPK converts GF files produced by METAFONT into PK files forF use by DVI progArams like DVIALW. Source code and documentation for* GFTOPK can be found in TEX_DISK:[TEX.MF].ww/ 1 GFTOPXLF GFtoPXL converts GF files produced by METAFONT into PXL filesF for use by DVI programs like DVIALW. Source code and documentation/ for GFTOPXL can be found in TEX_DISK:[TEX.MF].ww/1 GFTYPEF GFtype reads GF files produced by METAFONT and produces a "dump"F of the contents in human-readable form. Source code and<B documentation for GFtype can be found in TEX_DISK:[TEX.MF].ww/1 HELPF The TEX help library documents the TeX typesetting system and its supporting programs.ww/ 1 IndexersF IDXTEX, TEXIDX, MAKEINDEX all do the same thing: make indexesF using the .AUX files produced by LaTeX. See the help entries for the programs.ww /1 INIMFF INIMF is a special version of METAFONT used to create "base"F files. Base C files solve the problem of how to load METAFONT withF lots of macros without scanning a large macro definition file eachF time METAFONT is started. When INIMF starts, it knows only METAFONTF primitives. Macros can then be defined by reading a macro definitionF file. After macros have been defined, a "dump" command is used to write a base file.F The standard macro definition file is PLAIN.MF, documented in DonaldF Knuth's "The METAFONTbook". The standard base file is PLAIN.BA DS. ByF modifying PLAIN.MF and running INIMF, you can produce your own baseF files to make customized versions of METAFONT. PLAIN.MF can be foundF in TEX_DISK:[TEX.MF]. PLAIN.BAS can be found in TEX_DISK:[TEX.FORMATS].F When you run METAFONT, it welcomes you with a line that includes theF version number of METAFONT and the name of the "pre-loaded" baseF file. Under VAX/VMS, the welcome line is misleading: it saysF "(INIMF)". Actually, VMS METAFONT E does load PLAIN.BAS, as is% correctly reported in the .LIS file.ww+/1 INITEXF INITEX is a special version of TeX used to create "format"F files. Format files solve the problem of how to load TeX with lotsF of macros without scanning a large macro definition file each timeF TeX is started. When INITEX starts, it knows only TeX primitives.F Macros can then be defined by reading a macro definition file. AfterF macros have been defined, a "\dump" c Fommand is used to write a format file.F The standard macro definition file is PLAIN.TEX, documented in DonaldF Knuth's "The TeXbook". The standard format file is PLAIN.FMT. ByF modifying PLAIN.TEX and running INITEX, you can produce your ownF format files to make customized versions of TeX. PLAIN TEX can beF found in TEX_DISK:[TEX.INPUTS]. PLAIN.FMT can be found in TEX_DISK:[TEX.FORMATS].F When you run TeX, it welcomes you with a line that includes theF vGersion number of TeX and the name of the "pre-loaded" format file.F Under VAX/VMS, the welcome line is misleading: it says "no formatF pre-loaded". Actually, VMS TeX does load PLAIN.FMT, as is correctly reported in the .LIS file.ww`/1 KEYTSTF KEYTST is a program used to test DVI programs. Source code and= documentation for KEYTST can be found in TEX_DISK:[TEX.DVI].ww`/ 1 LN03DVI ???ww9/1 LPTOPSF LPto HPS converts normal text files into PostScript for printingF on the Apple LaserWriter, or any other PostScript-compatible printingF device. It supports selection of a variety of fonts at arbitraryF point sizes, margin specification, portrait and landscape pageF orientation, automatic page numbering, page outlining, andF multi-column printing. It can also handle overstruck text used by* many document formatters for underlining. Format:& LPTOPS [switches] outfile' LPTOPS [switches] filelist >outfile Defaults are:@ -B1.0in -C1 -FCourier -L1.0in -M1 -P10bp -R1.0in -S0 -T1.0in; Source code for LPtoPS can be found in TEX_DISK:[TEX.DVI]. 2 DimensionsF In the switch descriptions, physical dimensions described as #F may be specified as a single number with an optional fractional part,F and a required two-letter unit designator. Letter case is ignored. Possible forms are:B #.##bp big point (1in = 72bp) [Couri Jer: 120.000/Pbp cpi]@ #.##cc cicero (1cc = 12dd) [Courier: 9.381/Pcc cpi]@ #.##cm centimeter [Courier: 4.233/Pcm cpi]B #.##dd didot point (1157dd = 1238pt) [Courier: 112.569/Pdd cpi]@ #.##in inch [Courier: 1.667/Pin cpi]A #.##mm millimeter (10mm = 1cm) [Courier: 42.333/Pmm cpi]A #.##pc pica (1pc = 12pt) [Courier: 10.038/Ppc cpi]B #.##pt point (72.27pt = 1in) [Courier: 120.450/Ppt cpi]J #.##sp scal Ked point (65536sp = 1pt) [Courier: 7.893/(Psp/1000000) cpi]F The bracketed values give the number of characters per inchF (cpi) for a point size of P units with the fixed-width Courier font.F For example, with point size 8bp, there are 120/8 = 15 characters perC inch. With point size 1000000sp, there are 7.893 characters/inch. 2 SwitchesF Unix-style switches can be supplied. Upper and lower case are treated the same3 -AF Turn Scribe-like bold and italic requests L(@b[...] and @i[...]) into bold or italic text.3 -B# Bottom margin of #.3 -Cn" Print n copies of each page. 3 -FfontnameF PostScript fontname. Possible values with acceptable shortF abbreviations (formed from the upper-case letters in the font names)F are as follows. The first 13 are available on all PostScriptF printers; the remainder are available only on enhanced printers, such as the Apple LaserWriter Plus.B ==================== M ===== ====== ==========B full name short ditroff TranScriptB ==================== ===== ====== ==========9 Courier C C C: Courier-Bold CB CB CB: Courier-BoldOblique CBO CD CD: Courier-Oblique CO CO CO: Helvetica H he he: Helvetica-Bold N HB He He: Helvetica-BoldOblique HBO HE HE: Helvetica-Oblique HO hE hE9 Symbol S S S: Times-Bold TB R ti: Times-BoldItalic TBI BI TI: Times-Italic TI I tI: Times-Roman T R ti: AvantGarde-Book AGB ag ag: O AvantGarde-BookOblique AGBO aG aG: AvantGarde-Demi AGD Ag Ag: AvantGarde-DemiOblique AGDO AG AG: Bookman-Demi BD Bo Bo: Bookman-DemiItalic BDI BO BO: Bookman-Light BL bo bo: Bookman-LightItalic BLI bO bO: Helvetica-Narrow HN hn hn: Helvetica-Narrow-Bol Pd HNB Hn Hn: Helvetica-Narrow-BoldOblique HNBO HN HN: Helvetica-Narrow-Oblique HNO hN hN: NewCenturySchlbk-Bold NCSB Nc Nc: NewCenturySchlbk-BoldItalic NCSBI NC NC: NewCenturySchlbk-Italic NCSI nC nC: NewCenturySchlbk-Roman NCSR nc nc: Palatino-Bold PB Pa Pa: Palatino-BoldItalic PBI PA Q PA: Palatino-Italic PI pA pA: Palatino-Roman PR pa pa: ZapfChancery-MediumItalic ZCMI ZC ZC: ZapfDingbats ZD ZD ZDB ==================== ===== ====== ==========F The ditroff and TranScript abbreviations are the same, except for theF Courier and Times fonts. They are based on two-letter mnemonics,F where upper-case in the first letter means bo Rld, and upper-case in the second letter means italic.F Only the Courier fonts are fixed-width like typewriter and lineF printer fonts are. The others are proportional spaced for improvedF readability, and consequently, tabular material will not line upF properly with them. The Courier fonts have a width equal to 0.6 ofF their point size, so to fill a line W inches wide with up to NF characters, one must have point size <= (W/(0.6 * N * 72)) =F (W*120)/N pSt. Equivalently, with a point size P pt, the output spacing is 120/P char/inch.3 -HF Horizontal page orientation (landscape mode) instead of vertical page (portrait mode).3 -I#F Top margin of # for initial page (for letterheads); if notF specified, it will default to the value given for the top margin by default or by the -T# command.3 -L# Left margin of #.3 -MnF Multiple column output (n columns). In multiple column mode,6 formfeeds cau Tse column breaks instead of page breaks.3 -N[tb][lcr]nF Number output pages. The number is placed by default in theF center of the top margin, but the margin can be selected explicitlyF by t (top) or b (bottom), and the position of the page number can beF further specified by l (left), c (center), or r (right). If n isF given, start numbering with that value, and otherwise with 1. If anF initial top margin value is given with the -I# option, numbering willF be omitted on t Uhe first page if it is at the top. Pages are, unnumbered if this option is not specified.3 -O[#]F Outline pages (and columns) with a # units wide. A narrow lineF of -1.4pt width is assumed if # is omitted; this particular width is what TeX uses in typesetting.3 -P#F Font point size (default 10bp). The baseline skip (spacingF between successive character baselines) is conventionally chosen toF be 6/5 of this value, so that with 10bp type, we have 12bp bet Vween= lines, or 6 lines/inch, the same as standard printer output.3 -R# Right margin of #.3 -S[n]F special handling (i.e. manual paper feed) for the first n pagesF of the output. If N multiple copies are in effect, then N*n sheetsF must be fed manually. If n is omitted, then all pages are to be fedF manually. For example, -S1 is convenient to get the first page of aF letter on letterhead paper fed manually, with remaining pages from the paper cassette. 3 -T#W Top margin of #.3 -UF Output pages in unsorted (first to last) order instead of inF sorted (page reversed) order; some PostScript printers have pageF handlers that stack the paper in this order. The default is sortedF because this is appropriate for the most common PostScript printer, the Apple LaserWriter.ww@{'/1 MACJETF MACJET prints a MacPaint raster image (576 dots wide by 720 dots0 high) on the Hewlett-Packard Laser Jet printer. ForXmat:$ MACJET macpaintfile laserjetfile Both files contain 8-bit bytes.; Source code for MACJET can be found in TEX_DISK:[TEX.DVI].ww)/1 MACPRXF MACPRX prints a MacPaint raster image (576 dots wide by 720 dots* high) on a Printronix dot matrix printer. Format:& MACPRX macpaintfile printronixfileF The MacPaint file has 8-bit bytes, and the Printronix file has 7-bit bytes.; Source code for MACPRX can be found in TEX_DISK:[TEX.DVI].wwY*/1 MAKEF MAKE is a public-domain version of the UNIX "make" program. ItF is included in the TeX distribution because it is needed to build the DVI programs.F Source code and documentation for MAKE can be found in TEX_DISK:[TEX.MAKE].ww*/ 1 MAKEINDEXF MAKEINDEX is a general purpose index processor. It takes one orF more raw index files (normally generated by a for- matter), sorts theF entries, and produces the actual index fiZle. It is not dependent onF any particular format of raw index file, although the .idx fileF generated by is default. Up to three levels (0, 1, and 2) of subitemF nesting within the same entry is supported. The input format may beF rede- fined in a style file so that raw index or glossary output fromF other formatters may be processed. The style file also defines theF style of output index file. Unless specified otherwise, the fileF name base of the first input file (idx0) [is used to determine otherF related input/output files. For each input file name specified, theF name itself is first used. If not found and the name has noF extension part, it is concatenated with the .idx extension. If this! again fails, the program aborts.F Source code and documentation for MAKEINDEX can be found in TEX_DISK:[TEX.MAKEINDEX...].ww ,/1 MFF MF invokes METAFONT. METAFONT is described in Donald Knuth'sF "The METAFONTboo\k". Source code and documentation for MF can be found in TEX_DISK:[TEX.MF].ww65/1 NEWFFC> ??? NEWFFC is some kind of font file converter program.ww6/1 PLTOTFF The PLtoTF utility program converts property-list (.PL) filesF into equivalent TeX font metric (.TFM) files. It also makes aF thorough check of the given .PL file, so that the .TFM file should be acceptable to TeX.F Source code and documentation for PLtoTF c ]an be found in TEX_DISK:[TEX.SOURCES].ww6/ 1 POOLTYPEF The POOLtype utility program converts string pool files outputF by TANGLE into a slightly more symbolic format that may be useful* when TANGLEd programs are being debugged.F It's a pretty trivial routine, but people may want to tryF transporting this program before they get up enough courage to tackleF TeX itself. The first 128 strings are treated as TeX treats them," using routines ^copied from TeX82.F Source code and documentation for POOLtype can be found in TEX_DISK:[TEX.SOURCES].ww D8/1 PXTOPKF The standard format for the distribution of font rasterF information for TeX has been PXL files. These files are looselyF packed, based on a 32-bit word, and use no forms of compression. TeXF requires dozens of fonts in many different sizes, with typicalF installations having hundreds of pixel files using many megabyt _es ofF disk storage. Distribution of the unwieldy pixel files is also aF difficult problem for microcomputer systems, on which TeX is onlyF just becoming available. Many boxes of diskettes would be requiredF just to store a basic set of fonts in three sizes for a three-hundred5 dot per inch device. A better format is called for.F This program compresses a pixel file into a packed, or .PK, file.F This new format is primarily intended for distribution. Drivers canF be adap `ted to read these files, and since pixel files can beF converted back and forth with this program and its companion PKTOPX,F no information will be lost by leaving the files in one format or another.F Source code and documentation for PXtoPK can be found in TEX_DISK:[TEX.MF].ww9/1 TANGLEF TANGLE is part of Donald Knuth's WEB system for literateF programming. TANGLE converts a .WEB file into the corresponding .PAS file so it acan be compiled.F A description of the WEB system can be found inF TEX_DISK:[TEX.DOC.TEX]WEB.TEX and TEX_DISK:[TEX.DOC.TEX]WEBMAN.TEX.? Source code for TANGLE can be found in TEX_DISK:[TEX.SOURCES].ww`Q;/1 TEXIDXF TeXIDX is a program for converting the index file output of TeXF and LaTeX to a form suitable for later input and generation of anF index, with entries sorted by primary text entries, and within these,F sorted by secondary te bxt entries, and with duplicate page numbers: eliminated. Elision of page ranges is not yet supported.C IDXTEX and MAKEINDEX are other index formatters similar to TEXIDX.F Source code for TEXIDX can be found in TEX_DISK:[TEX.DVI]. AD description of TEXIDX can be found in TEX_DISK:[TEX.DVI]TEXIDX.HLP.2 Long_description6 TeXIDX - TeX/LaTeX Index Filter' [07-Jan-88]B TeXIDX (TeXINDEX on Unix systems) is a filter for converting t cheB index file output of TeX and LaTeX to a form suitable for laterB input and generation of an index, with entries sorted by primaryB text entries, and within these, sorted by secondary text entries,B and with duplicate page numbers eliminated. Elision of page ranges is not yet supported.B TeXIDX expects one or more files of index entries output by TeX or LaTeX in the forms- \entry{sort key}{page number}{primary entry}> \entry{sort key}{page number}{primary entry}{secondardy entry}$ Several examples are given below. TeXIDX is run by @TeXIDX file1 file2 ... filenB and produces output files with the same name, but the letter `s'8 appended. Thus `foo.idx' is transformed to `foo.idxs'.. The output of TeXIDX will contain lines like:? \initial {c} % before the first topic whose/ % initial is c; \entry {topic}{pagelist} % for a topic that is used4 % without e subtopics? \primary {topic} % for the beginning of a topic> % that is used with subtopics5 \secondary {subtopic}{pagelist} % for each subtopic.B All sorting is by the sort key field ONLY, with letter caseB IGNORED. This means that if two primary/secondary fields haveB the same leading text, a sort key must be given which includesB both the primary and secondary fields to preserve the correctB order, and this key must be disftinguishable from another whichB just happens to have a primary string equal to the concatenated: primary and secondary strings of the first. For example,' \entry{text editing}{18}{text editing} \entry{text}{20}{text}, \entry{textediting}{32}{text}{editing}0 \entry{textbuffering}{57}{text}{buffering}# will produce correct index entries text, 20 buffering, 57 editing, 32 text editing, 37B whereas simple juxtaposition ofg the primary and secondary fields in the sort keys' \entry{text editing}{18}{text editing} \entry{text}{20}{text}( \entry{text editing}{32}{text}{editing}, \entry{text buffering}{57}{text}{buffering}! will produce INCORRECT ordering: text, 20 buffering, 57 text editing, 18 editing, 32B Any ASCII character which collates below space (dec. 32) will doB as a separator between the primary and secondary fields in theB sort key, b hut the only one that TeX will accept as input withoutB modification of character \catcode's is (dec. 9).B Therefore, make sure that characters are not used in the- primary or secondary text values themselves.B In order for TeXIDX to be used, you must first provide TeX/LaTeXB with definitions of macros that create the output index file;B neither the TeX manmac macros (p. 423ff of the TeXbook) or theB LaTeX \index{} macros (p. 78, p. 189 of the LaTeX User's i GuideB and Reference Manual) are suitable. Once TeXIDX has been run,B you must have definitions of \initial, \entry, \primary, and4 \secondary so that the index file can be processed.B Since these definitions only have to be done once, they have beenB put in a LaTeX style file which can be automatically included in the documentstyle option list: \documentstyle[gnuindex]{...}B This will cause the file texinputs:gnuindex.sty to be read byB LaTeX at startup. This file de jfines \initial, \entry, \primary,B and \secondary, so that LaTeX can format your index, and provides6 you with two macros to use to generate index entries. \INDEX{sortkey}{primary}' \SUBINDEX{sortkey}{primary}{secondary}B For \SUBINDEX{}, the {secondary} field is automatically appendedB to the sort key, but separated from it by an ASCII B character; in most cases, this makes it possible to use the justB primary field as the sort key too, as long as the primary andBk secondary fields do not have special characters, font changes, or( TeX control sequences embedded in them.B To save some typing, and reduce the chances of error, you willB probably want to produce your own macros which reference these. Here are two useful ones:' \newcommand{\X}[1]{{#1}\INDEX{#1}{#1}}/ \newcommand{\XX}[2]{{#1}\SUBINDEX{#1}{#1}{#2}} You can then type \X{gnats and gnus}B to get the phrase `gnats and gnus' into the document text, asB well as int lo the index both as a sort key, and as a primary field. Typing1 This chapter will discuss the cooking of4 \XX{gnats and gnus}{cooking directions} ...B will put the same phrase `gnats and gnus' into the document text,B but the index will get the sort key `gnats and gnuscookingB directions', a primary field `gnats and gnus', and a secondaryB field `cooking directions'. You would use \XX{} instead of \X{}B when you wanted to make the index entry more pr mecise, but only- have the primary string in the running text.B For those occasions when you need special fonts, or TeX controlB sequences, in your index, you can still use \INDEX{} and \SUBINDEX{} directly:/ \INDEX{LaTeX's gnus}{\string\LaTeX{}'s gnus}" \INDEX{gnats}{\string\sc GNATS}B Note the use of `\string' in front of each control sequence--itB prevents the expansion of the following control sequence. ThatB way, your index file will contain the words `\LaTenX' and `\sc',* instead of the messy expansions of these.D In summary, then, here is what your `foo.ltx' file might look like: \documentstyle[gnuindex]{...} \makeindex \begin{document} ... \begin{theindex}F \input{foo.idxs} % Change this to whatever your file is called \end{theindex} \end{document}< To process it, you need to run LaTeX twice and TeXIDX once: @LaTeX foo.ltx @TeXIDX foo.idx @LaTeX foo.ltxB TeXIDX was written by Richard Stallman as o part of the GNU ProjectB at the Free Software Foundation in Cambridge, MA, and is in theB public domain (though subject to a liberal copyright contained inB the source file). It uses no proprietary software and should beB implementable with most C compilers on micros, minis, andB mainframes. In particular, all sorting is done with its ownB code, rather than relying on system or library sorting routines.B The sorting is done in-core when possible, and otherwise,B autpomatically spills to scratch files which are individually sorted, then merged. Nelson H.F. Beebe Center for Scientific Computing South Physics Building University of Utah Salt Lake City, UT 84112 Tel: (801) 581-5254 Net mail:+ BEEBE@SCIENCE.UTAH.EDU {preferred} BEEBE@CS.UTAH.EDU BEEBE@CTRSCI.UTAH.EDU BEEBEN@RUAC.UTAH.EDUwwJ/1 TEXSISF TeXsis is a TeX macro package which is designed primarily forF typqesetting physics papers and preprints, conference proceedings, andF related documents. It has been developed from the TechRpt formatF described by W. Groppe and from TeXsis 1.01, the TeX thesis formatF by E. Myers. The general scope of TeXsis is similar to the SLACF format PHYZZX, but it offers some significant advantages, especiallyF a more powerful and flexible way of referring to references,F equations, and other numbered objects. It is functionally a supersetF of Pl rain TeX, so that everything described in the TeXbook will workF in TeXsis, although a few of the Plain TeX macros have actually been modified.D Documentation for TeXsis can be found in TEX_DISK:[TEX.DOC.TEXSIS].ww@L/1 TFTOPLF The TFtoPL utility program converts TeX font metric (.TFM) filesF into equivalent property-list (.PL'') files. It also makes aF thorough check of the given .TFM file, using essentially the sameF algorithm as TeX. Thus if Te sX complains that a .TFM file is bad,F this program will pinpoint the source or sources of badness. A .PLF file output by this program can be edited with a normal text editor,F and the result can be converted back to .TFM format using the companion program PLTOTF.F Source code and documentation for PLtoTF can be found in TEX_DISK:[TEX.SOURCES].wwM/1 TGRINDF TGRIND is a program used with LaTeX to typeset source code.5 Documentation cant be found in TEX_DISK:[TEX.TGRIND].ww P/1 TOPP ???ww4R/1 TOSPRX> Toshiba P1351 to Printronix 300/600 plot file translator; Source code for PLtoTF can be found in TEX_DISK:[TEX.DVI].ww4R/1 TR2TEXF Tr2tex converts a document typeset in troff to a LaTeX format.F It is intended to do the first pass of the conversion. The userF should then finish up the rest of the conversion and customize theF converted muanuscript to his/her liking. It can also serve as a tutor3 for those who want to convert from troff to LaTeX. Format:F TR2TEX [-m] [-o file] filename Source code and documentation for. TR2TEX can be found in TEX_DISK:[TEX.TR2TEX].ww`S/1 WEAVEF WEAVE is part of Donald Knuth's WEB system for literateF programming. WEAVE converts a .WEB file into the corresponding .TEX5 file so it can be processed by TeX and then printed.F A description of v the WEB system can be found inF TEX_DISK:[TEX.DOC.TEX]WEB.TEX and TEX_DISK:[TEX.DOC.TEX]WEBMAN.TEX.> Source code for WEAVE can be found in TEX_DISK:[TEX.SOURCES].ww`S/1 WebF WEB is Donald Knuth's system for literate programming. TANGLEF and WEAVE are parts of the WEB system. The initial WEB system+ supported the PASCAL programming language.F Variations on WEB include CWEB, FWEB and SPIDERWEB. CWEB andF SPIDERWEB support lan wguages other than PASCAL and are available viaF anonymous FTP from princeton.edu. FWEB is for FORTRAN/Ratfor/C onF VAX/VMS and SunOS, and is available from ccc.nmfecc.gov in$ subdirectory tex$root:[distr.fweb].F A description of the WEB system can be found inD TEX_DISK:[TEX.DOC.TEX]WEB.TEX and TEX_DISK:[TEX.DOC.TEX]WEBMAN.TEX.wwBU/1 WSLTEXF WSLTEX copies an 8-bit file to a 7-bit file, turning charactersF with bit 8 set into 4-chaxracter octal escape sequences \nnn. This isF useful in analyzing WordStar microcomputer word processor files.F Many sequences which can be recognized as doing something useful areF turned into LaTeX command sequences. Comments below describe the/ sequences which are recognized and translated. Format:/ WSLTEX WordStar_inputfile >LaTeX_outputfile; Source code for WSLTEX can be found in TEX_DISK:[TEX.DVI].wwV/1 XDVI2 XDVI is a DECwindows previewyer of DVI files. Format: XDVI dvifileF Do not give file specifications with colons in them. XDVI interprets6 arguments with a colon to be a display specification.F To get you started, a few commands from the previewer window are listed below: 0s : Magnify. 4s : Normal size. 8s : reduce. 219s : Really reduce. l : left (Only if magnified) r : right (Only if magnified) u : up (Only if magnified) d : down (Only if magnified) q : quit b : back one page n : next page" 1 and : Go two pages forward$ -2 and : Go two pages backward space : forward one page ^L : redraw.wwPSDVIGDDVIIMPDVIJEPDVIJETDVIL3PDVIL75DVIM72DVIMACDVIMPIDVIO72DVIOKIDVIPRXDVITOSDVITYPEECHOALLTeX_File_typesFFEGFTODVIGFTOPKGFTOPXLGFTYPEHELPIndexersINIMFINITEXKEYTSTLN03DVILPTOPSMACJETMACPRXMAKE MAKEINDEXMFNEWFFCPLTOTFPOOLTYPEPXTOPKTANGLETEXIDXTEXSISTFTOPLTGRINDTOPPTOSPRXTR2TEXWEAVEWebWSLTEXXDVI 8/ SIEMSEN Dvi2700@ތ/ SIEMSEN DVI2PSr/ SIEMSEN DVIVDU |5/ 1 Dvi27009!********************************************************;!* * ;!* * ;!* Dvi2700 * ;!* * ;!* * 9!********************************************************@Dvi2700 is a program to convert the output} of TeX (a .dvi file)-to a file suitable for a Xerox 2700 model II.2 Usage>In order to use Dvi2700, first create a DCL symbol for Dvi2700! $ DVI2700 :== $DVI2700@Users who execute SYS$SYSTEM:LOCALCMDS.COM will have this done5automatically. To process a file, issue the command:+ $ DVI2700 [flags] infile outfile@Particular pages can be produced with the -pn or -pn:m options.@Just the even or odd pages may processed with -e or -o.@Additional loggi ~ng information will be produced if the -v option@is given. The default page size may be changed with -xn and -ynoptions. 2 Authors$Dvi2700 was written by Maurice Wuts.2 BugsThere are no known bugs.2 Fonts@Dvi2700 will use either GF or PXL files for font information.@Any fonts required must be available in one of these formats.@Not all fonts are available on all systems. If you need@additional fonts, please contact your host administrator. The@logical name GF_FONTS must be a path containing the GF files and@the file x2700cap. X2700cap contains the names of the fonts@that are spooler loadable and thus are not included in the@output file. See the default definition of GF_FONTS for its@location. The logical name TEXFONTROOT must be a device or=rooted directory where the PXL file directories may be found.ww 3ь/1 DVI2PS@This program converts a TeX DVI file to PostScript. The result@requires a small amount of PostScript source to precede it to@the printer, before it can be successfully printed. (By:default, that PostScript code is prepended to the output.)@DVI2PS [-a pxldir] [-c] [-d] [-f n] [-h] [-i file] [-m n] [-n n]= [-o str] [-p] [-q] [-r] [-s] [-t n] [-w] dvifile[.dvi]2 Usage<In order to use DVI2PS, first create a DCL symbol for DVI2PS $ DVI2PS :== $DVI2PS@Users who execute SYS$SYSTEM:LOCALCMDS.COM will have this done5automatically. To process a file, issue the command:" $ DVI2PS [flags] infile2 Flags -a pxldir@ specify different area for PXL files. Directory@ pxldir is searched for all PXL files, instead of the default directory.-c@ create an output file in the spool directory. This@ is fairly Apollo-specific, and may be disabled at@  other sites. When given, the output is directed to a@ file with a unique name, created in a spool directory.-d@ select debugging output (you probably don't want to).-f n@ specify a starting page number (this is a TeX page number - \count0).-h@ do not copy the standard header file. This option@ prevents the standard PostScript header file being# prepended to the output.-i fil e@ copy the named file to the output. The contents of@ the file named will be copied to the output after the0 standard header file has been copied.!-m0 | -mh | -m1 | -m2 | -m3 | -m4@ specify a magstep to use to print the document. This7 overrides whatever might be in the DVI file.-m n@ specify a magnification to use to print the document.@ This should probably be one of the magic numbers@ 1000, 10 95, 1200, 1440, 1728, or 2074, but no@ checking is done. Note: if your site does not have@ the complete set of 300 dpi fonts, this option might be disabled.-n n1 specify the number of copies to print.-o str@ specify a printing option. Valid options are letter,@ note, legal, landscape, envelope, and manualfeed.@ This argument may be repeated several times.@ envelope is a variant o f landscape that selects@ manual feed and does proper positioning for regular envelopes.-p@ do not preload font information. Occasionally there@ may be insufficent memory to hold the information@ about all of the fonts in the system. Portions of@ the document may be converted by including the -p@ option on the command line. This will prevent the@ preloading of all fonts into the system a nd instead1 use demand loading of the font tables.-q? be quiet. Don't chatter about pages converted, etc.-r@ stack pages in reverse order. Normally, the DVI@ pages are processed in reverse order, with the result@ that they are stacked in the correct order in the3 output tray. This option reverses that.-s@ turn on printing of statistics. Some versions of@ DVI2PS will optionally print statistics about font@ usage and some other information that is generally@ only interesting to developers. On these systems, -s, turns on the statistics printing.-t n) specify an ending page number.-w$ don't print out warnings.2 Notes@This is a `bare bones' DVI-to-PostScript program. Minimal errorchecking is done.@Not all fonts are available in the resolution needed to display@on the laser printer; when a missing font is encountered, DVI2PS@will continue to process your DVI file, and will log a warning@message. Gaps will appear in the document where the missingcharacters should have been.@It can take up to 60 seconds for the first page to be output.@After a head of steam has been built up, it can roll along at5-10 seconds per page.PostScript Illustrations@This program supports use of the \special command in TeX to@include special PostScript code for graphics, etc. Specifying@\special{psfile=foo.ps} in the TeX source will result in the@contents of file foo.ps (assumed to contain PostScript code)@being copied into the output at that point. For most included@graphics, the user's (0,0) point will be set to the point of the@\special command with x and y coordinates increasing up and to@the right and in units of PostScript points (72/inch) - thus you@must explicitly leave space above the \special command for most@graphics. For graphics produced by Apple Macintos hes (i.e.,@MacDraw, MacPaint, etc.), the top left corner of the drawing@will be at the point of the \special command; in this case you1must leave the required space below the \special.@The \special string can contain any number of the following)keyword=value pairs, separated by blanks::Keyword Value Type (dimensions in points: 72 pt = 1 in)0psfile string - PostScript file to include<hsize dimension - maximum horizontal size (for clipping):vsize dimension - maximum vertical size (for clipping)@ Use negative values to specify a clipping8 region below the current position.+hoffset dimension - amount to shift right(voffset dimension - amount to shift up1hscale number - scale factor in x-dimension1vscale number - scale factor in y-dimension6rotation number - counter-clockwise rotation angleThus:@\special{psfile=foo.ps hoffset=72 hscale=0.9 vscale=0.9} will@shift the graphics produced by file foo.ps right by 1", and willdraw it at 0.9 normal size.@hsize and vsize are given relative to the (0,0) point of the1drawing and are unaffected by offsets and scales.@Offsets are given relative to the point of the \special command,and are unaffected by scales.@If Macintosh drawings are to be included, the proper Laser-Prep@file must be downloaded to the printer, either permanently or as@another header file in addition to the standard DVI2PS.PS headerfile.2 Files2TeX_fonts: default area for font files.TeX_inputs:DVI2PS.PS PostScript support code2 Bugs@There is likely a limit to the size of documents that can be@printed (at least, on the Apple LaserWriter). If you get@VMerrors reported when printing, use the -f and -t options, to@select a range of pages. The exact limit is unknown, but is@probably well in excess of 50 pages for `normal' documents,@decreasing with number of different fonts used, size of fo nts,etc. 2 Authors@Mark Senn wrote the early versions of this program for the BBN@BitGraph. Stephan Bechtolsheim, Bob Brown, Richard Furuta,@James Schaad and Robert Wells improved it. Norm Hutchinson@ported the program to the Sun. Neal Holtz ported it to the@Apollo, and then to produce PostScript. Scott Jones added@intelligent font substitution. Jean-Francois Lamy fixed the'interface for PostScript illustrations.2(PostScript is a trademark of Adobe Systems, Inc.)ww@kq/1 DVIVDU=DVIVDU has been renamed DVITOVDU. See the help for DVITOVDU.ww